Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become a leading cause of end-stage renal failure worldwide. The goal of the current study was to examine the protective effects of chitosan-loaded p-Coumaric acid nanoparticles (PCNPs) in nephrotoxicity induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Because of the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of PCNPs, the development of DN may be considerably decreased. In this study, the rats received a single intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of STZ (45 mg/kg) to induce DN. PCNPs were given orally 80 mg/kg b.w to the rats for a duration of four weeks. Body weight, kidney weight, blood glucose, and insulin levels were measured at the end of the experiment. Serum and urine parameters were also examined, along with the histological, immunobiological, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression of the nephrotic rats. To comprehend the impact of PCNPs, the expression patterns of the kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) were evaluated. Administration of PCNPs significantly increased body weight, decreased kidney weight and also ameliorated blood glucose levels in the nephropathic rats. The administration of PCNPs also reverted the levels of urea, serum creatinine, urinary NAG, β-glucuronidase and albumin to near-normal levels. The administration of PCNPs also caused the levels of serum and urine parameters to return to near-normal levels. Additionally, the PCNP-treated rats had markedly reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and KIM-1 expressions as well as enhanced GLUT-2 mRNA expression. Our findings clearly showed that PCNP administration prevents the onset of DN in rats by lowering hyperglycemia, decreasing inflammation, and improving the expression of GLUT-2 mRNA in nephropathic rats.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Turbinaria ornata weed extract was carried out. Because these seaweeds are largely unexplored and contain botanical molecules that promote bimolecular reduction. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) cause a rise in the accumulation of clotting factors, platelets and procoagulant activity, both of which lead to thrombotic and hemolytic diseases. The silver nanoparticles were initially characterized using spectroscopic analysis to validate the biomolecules of Turbinaria ornata involved in nanoparticle reduction. A detailed study on the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles on antithrombolytic activity in adult blood samples confirms the interaction of nanoparticles with platelets and blood vessels, which is significant in the production of thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases. The antihemolytic activity was tested to assess the percentage of blood clot lysis in order to confirm the ability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide in a concentration dependent manner. The protein conjugation and binding activities of major, secondary, and tertiary structures were also investigated in silico. Thus, Turbinaria ornata seaweeds with reduced silver nanoparticles demonstrated increased antithrombotic and antihemolytic activities, suggested that they could be used as novel therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.