Recently, mmWave radars have been gaining popularity, thanks to their low cost, ease of use and high-resolution sensing. In this paper, we provide a review of the mmWave radar data processing frameworks, starting from mathematical foundations to applications. Specifically, we focus on the mmWave radar point cloud as a robust data structure representing compressed signatures for target recognition and classification. We first focus on the generation of the radar point clouds, and the signal processing algorithms designed for their unique characteristics. Then, we illustrate how the radar point clouds are prepared for feature extraction and classification using machine learning and deep learning approaches. Finally, we summarize the state-of-the-art applications, open datasets, developments and future research directions in this field.

Seed-borne diseases play a crucial role in affecting the overall quality of seeds, efficient disease management, and crop productivity in agriculture. Detection of seed-borne diseases using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) can automate the process at large-scale industrial applications for providing healthy and high-quality seeds. ML-based methods are accurate for detecting and classifying fungal infection in seeds; however, their performance degrades in the presence of noise. In this work, we propose a laser bio-speckle based DL framework for detection and classification of disease in seeds under varying experimental parameters and noises. We develop a DL-based spatio-temporal analysis technique for bio-speckle data using DL networks, including neural networks (NN), convolutional neural networks (CNN) with long-short-term memory (LSTM), three-dimensional convolutional neural networks (3D CNN), and convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM). The robustness of the DL models to noise is a key aspect of this spatio-temporal analysis. In this study, we find that the ConvLSTM model has an accuracy of 97.72% on the test data and is robust to different types of noises with an accuracy of 97.72%, 94.31%, 98.86%, and 96.59%. Furthermore, the robust model (ConvLSTM) is evaluated for variations in experimental data parameters such as frame rate, frame size, and number of frames used. This model is also sensitive towards detecting bio-speckle activity of different order, and it shows average test accuracy of 99% for detecting four different classes.

The progression of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has reached a level that greatly enhances the different organizational sectors by facilitating them with the means to advance and improve systems and processes. Shadow AI implies the usage of AI tools and systems by individuals within an entity, respectively, without permission thereby implying that these tools were not directly monitored or controlled by the centralized IT or security department. It also contributes to significant cyber risks such as data and security breaches, abuse of compliance, and, in general, an increased threat landscape. This paper highlights into the emerging global security trends and Shadow AI while also covering the unique positioning within the threat landscape concerning unauthorized computation of sensitive data, safety vulnerabilities of the unmonitored AI models, and model poisoning alongside data leakage-marked out. Moreover, this paper covers how Shadow AI distracts the attack landscape while increasing the level of security problem for the organization. Shadow AI, however, can be employed to increase the ability to respond to threats, locate irregularities, and increase the range of options available for cyber solutions even with all its risks.

Relationship between the delay and Doppler shift with the radar return is non-linear in nature. Therefore a non-linear estimator based on sparse kernel least mean square algorithm is proposed. Further, an adaptive kernel width optimization technique is proposed to lower the computational complexity and for simple implementation. An expression for the Cramer-Rao lower bound is derived and validated for the proposed estimator over linear frequency modulated, and orthogonal frequency division multiplexed radar systems.

The integration of intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) into cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems revolutionizes wireless networks by enhancing signal strength, mitigating interference, and optimizing spectral efficiency. The cooperative NOMA (CNOMA) framework, empowered by IRS technology, further promises enhanced performance, robustness, and scalability for next-generation wireless networks as compared to NOMA only systems. This paper explores the synergy between IRS and NOMA to leverage cooperative techniques for superior wireless system design. Fundamental principles, technological advancements, and potential applications of IRS-assisted CNOMA systems are discussed, highlighting existing works. Both underlay and overlay NOMA principles are examined in conjunction with IRS in the paper. Spatial modulation-aided CNOMA is explored for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, along with its advantages and practical challenges. Additionally, the paper discusses fundamental principles and technological advancements of IRS-assisted CNOMA systems, emphasizing solutions to potential challenges and the role of machine learning (ML)/deep learning (DL) in resource optimization like transmit power and IRS phase settings. Simulation results are presented to highlight the benefits of IRS-aided CNOMA system design. Finally, the paper outlines future directions and potential research topics in IRS-aided CNOMA.

This paper presents the application of machine learning for classifying time-critical conditions namely sepsis, myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest, based off transcriptions of emergency calls from emergency services dispatch centers in South Africa. In this study we present results from the application of four multi-class classification algorithms: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression, Random Forest and K-Nearest Neighbor (kNN). The application of machine learning for classifying time-critical diseases may allow for earlier identification, adequate telephonic triage, and quicker response times of the appropriate cadre of emergency care personnel. The data set consisted of an original data set of 93 examples which was further expanded through the use of data augmentation. Two feature extraction techniques were investigated namely; TF-IDF and handcrafted features. The results were further improved using hyper-parameter tuning and feature selection. In our work, within the limitations of a limited data set, classification results yielded an accuracy of up to 100% when training with 10-fold cross validation, and 95% accuracy when predicted on unseen data. The results are encouraging and show that automated diagnosis based on emergency dispatch centre transcriptions is feasible. When implemented in real time, this can have multiple utilities, e.g. enabling the call-takers to take the right action with the right priority.