Aim of study: To acquire data on the chorology, phenology and diel activity of oak-living clear-wing moths, given the increased phytosanitary impact of some species. Area of study: The region of Extremadura (SW Spain), with more than 1.2 million hectares of oak forests. Material and methods: Trapping using sex pheromones was conducted over four years (2020-2023) throughout Extremadura (42 site by year combinations) in holm, cork and Pyrenean oak woodlands. The main target species were monitored (April-November) with delta traps to construct flight curves and with automated traps to assess diel activity. Main results: Abundance-occupancy values revealed that the main species were Synanthedon conopiformis and Synanthedon vespiformis, followed by Paranthrene insolita and Synanthedon codeti. These clear-wing moths were well distributed and occurred in all three oak habitats over a wide altitudinal range. Adult phenology was species-specific: P. insolita and S. conopiformis mostly occurred in spring, S. codeti in summer, while S. vespiformis exhibited a marked bimodal flight pattern with peaks in May and September- October. Adults of S. vespiformis were larger in spring than in summer/autumn, which is discussed from an ecological-evolutionary perspective. Diel activity differed between species; the earliest was P. insolita (15:00-18:00 h), then S. vespiformis (17:00-19:00 h), and finally S. conopiformis (19:00-21:00 h). Two target species (Synanthedon stomoxiformis and Synanthedon spuleri) were never recorded, while some non-target ones were captured. Research highlights: This research contributes to the understanding of the life-history and behaviour of oak-living clear-wing moths in SW Spain. Data will be useful for managing these oak woodborers in dehesa forests.

Mediterranean dehesa ecosystems are highly valuable agroforestry systems from ecological, social and economic perspectives. Their structural characterization has traditionally relied on resource-intensive field inventories. This study assesses the applicability of low-density airborne LiDAR data from the Spanish National Aerial Orthophotography Plan (PNOA) for the automated morphological characterization of Quercus ilex dehesas. This novel workflow integrates the DBSCAN clustering algorithm for unsupervised segmentation of tree vegetation units and Concaveman for crown perimeter delineation and slicing using concave hulls. The technique was applied over 116 hectares in Santibáñez el Bajo (Cáceres), identifying 1254 vegetation units with 99.8% precision, 97.3% recall and an F-score of 98.5%. A field validation on 35 trees revealed strong agreement with the LiDAR-derived metrics, including crown diameter (R² = 0.985; bias = −0.96 m) and total height (R² = 0.955; bias = −0.34 m). Crown base height was overestimated (+0.77 m), leading to a 20.9% underestimation of crown volume, which was corrected using a regression model (R² = 0.952). This methodology allows us to produce scalable, fully automated forest inventories across extensive Iberian dehesas with similar structural characteristics using publicly available LiDAR data, even with a six-year acquisition gap.