Key words: canine visceral leishmaniasis; diagnostic tests; serology

Dogs are considered the main source of infection in urban areas and this represents a major challenge for the implementation of control measures, resulting in the euthanasia of seropositive animals in an attempt to reduce the risk of transmission to humans.⁵ However, euthanasia has been increasingly rejected due to the appreciation of pets, especially dogs.^6,7 In addition, its ineffectiveness has raised concerns.⁸

Background and Objectives: Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, including but not limited to Aedes aegypti , are major vectors of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika and other related diseases. Their global expansion is driven by climate change, globalisation, urbanisation and human mobility. Understanding how these factors shape their reproduction, survival and persistence is crucial for strengthening integrated vector control within a One Health framework. This review synthesises current evidence on these determinants to support more sustainable control strategies. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines across PubMed/MEDLINE and SciELO through June 2025. Search strategies combined terms related to Aedes spp., environmental, climatic, socio‐ecological determinants and One Health. Eligible studies examined factors influencing reproduction, survival or persistence of any Aedes species under natural or semi‐natural conditions. Case reports, clinically focused studies and laboratory experiments lacking ecological realism were excluded. Two reviewers independently screened records and extracted data. Findings were synthesised descriptively. Results: From 1007 records screened, 98 were included. Most were conducted in Brazil (18.4%), China (12.2%) and Argentina (11.2%). Ecological–epidemiological studies (30.6%) and environmentally oriented laboratory simulations (24.5%) were predominant. The evidence highlighted: (i) microenvironmental factors—such as water quality, nutrient availability, pollutants, and artificial light—affecting larval development and vector competence; (ii) climatic variables, especially temperature, rainfall, and humidity, as major drivers of mosquito abundance and transmission potential; (iii) urbanisation, inadequate housing, socioeconomic vulnerability, and irregular water supply as key amplifiers of infestation; and (iv) widespread insecticide resistance and the limited impact of conventional larvicides as major barriers to control. Conclusions: Environmental, climatic and socio‐ecological determinants critically shape Aedes persistence and arbovirus transmission. Integrating these determinants into surveillance and vector control programs through a One Health approach enables earlier detection, more targeted interventions and the development of sustainable strategies to reduce the global burden of arboviral diseases.

The characteristics of the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has puzzled researchers, especially in regards to its zoonotic potential. This paucity of informati...

Current control measures of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), a chronic and fatal zoonosis with potential transmission to humans, are not efficient enough to reduce its spread. The search for improved control measures should include studies of risk factors for infection and illness. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for CVL in an endemic locality of the Federal District, Brazil, from June 2016 to December 2018. Biologic samples and data on dog characteristics, owner household characteristics, and dog care were collected. A combination of serological and molecular tests was used to identify infected animals. The 248 dogs screened for inclusion were predominantly asymptomatic/oligosymptomatic. The baseline prevalence of infection was 27.5%. One hundred six of 162 susceptible dogs were monitored for an average period of 10.7 months. The estimated CVL incidence was 1.91 cases/100 dog-months. The multivariate analysis using a proportional Cox model included the potential risk factors, with P ≤ 0.25 in the univariate analyses. Greater purchasing power (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01–1.06; P = 0.03) and paved yard (HR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.13–1.01; P = 0.05) remained in the final model as risk and protection factors, respectively. The use of repellent collars in dogs was associated moderately (P = 0.08) with protection against CVL. Our findings reflect the challenge of identifying strong interventions for reducing CVL incidence. Increased owner wealth had a counterintuitive effect on CVL, making the intervention scenario more complex for a zoonosis traditionally associated with poverty.