The conclusions of EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the Assessment Group on Glyphosate (AGG), consisting of the competent authorities of France, the Netherlands, Sweden and Hungary, acting jointly as rapporteur Member State for the pesticide active substance glyphosate are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of glyphosate as a herbicide as proposed by the applicants, covering uses pre‐sowing, pre‐planting and pre‐emergence plus post‐harvest in vegetables and sugar beet; post‐emergence of weeds in orchards, vineyards, row vegetables, railway tracks against emerged annual, biennial and perennial weeds. Moreover, uses as spot treatment against invasive species in agricultural and non‐agricultural areas, and in vegetables and sugar beet against couch grass are also included. The reliable endpoints, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified.

Beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENNs) are Fusarium mycotoxins found in cereals and cereal-based foods as reported in several studies. But information on human internal exposure remains scattered. Human biomonitoring (HBM) enables the investigation of exposure to these nonregulated contaminants. This review summarizes data from studies published since 2014 on occurrence of BEA and ENNs in human urine, blood, breast milk, tissues and hair. Most studies from Europe, Africa, Asia and North America applied state-of-art methodologies for biomarker analysis. ENN B was the most frequently detected compound and was found in a high proportion of blood samples across different populations. Although BEA was reported less frequently, measurable levels were found in plasma, breast milk, tissues and, more recently, in urine. Both BEA and ENNs were found in human milk, indicating transfer from mother to infant, but generally at low concentrations. Data for human tissues suggest differences in distribution, with BEA occurring mainly in adipose tissue and ENN B reaching the highest concentrations in liver. Some studies reported phase-I metabolites of ENNs in urine, demonstrating that biotransformation contributes to their elimination in humans. Available HBM data indicate widespread dietary exposure to BEA and ENNs in several human populations. Concentrations measured in blood and tissues are much lower than those associated with their cytotoxic effects in vitro. Uncertainties remain regarding human toxicokinetics and the toxicological relevance of their metabolites. Further studies addressing these gaps will improve interpretation of biomonitoring data and support the human health risk assessment of these emerging mycotoxins.

Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti niske molekulske mase koje sintetiziraju plijesni iz rodova Aspergillus, Penicillium i Fusarium te su česti kontaminanti raznovrsnih prehrambenih proizvoda. Kako bi se smanjio rast plijesni, a time i...

Monitoring pesticide residues in olive oil is important for food-safety surveillance, but interpretation requires a clear distinction between analytical detections, regulatory screening, and health-risk assessment. This study examined 200 olive-oil samples obtained directly from consenting producers in six Croatian coastal counties during 2019–2021 using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS multiresidue methods. The sampling was non-probability-based and the commercial category of the oils was not independently verified. Thirty-three residue detections were recorded in 23 unique samples (11.5% of all samples); eight samples contained more than one detected pesticide. Phosmet was the most frequently detected compound (16 detections) and remained below the study-specific MRL screening benchmark. Chlorpyrifos was detected in three samples and boscalid in three samples at concentrations above the corresponding unprocessed-commodity MRL benchmarks when a processing factor of 1 was applied. Deterministic acute exposure was calculated independently using EFSA PRIMo revision 3.1 consumption inputs for “olives for oil production”. For pesticides with an established acute reference dose (ARfD), the highest estimate was observed for phosmet and reached 10.87% ARfD in adults and 17.93% ARfD in children. No quantitative %ARfD conclusion was possible for chlorpyrifos because EFSA could not establish a health-based guidance value following concerns regarding genotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity. Co-occurrence within EFSA cumulative assessment groups was therefore treated as a preliminary screening exercise rather than a cumulative risk estimate. These findings support continued targeted surveillance; however, they do not establish national representativeness, legal non-compliance of processed oil, or the environmental sustainability of production practices.