Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women. Anthracyclines are commonly used as the first line of treatment, often combined with other agents, including trastuzumab. Despite their efficacy, both drugs pose a risk of cardiotoxicity, which may impair patients’ quality of life (QoL) and hinder treatment persistence. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is dose-dependent and generally irreversible, whereas trastuzumab is associated with potentially reversible cardiac dysfunction. This review discusses the risk factors and biological mechanisms underlying chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in breast cancer and explores effective strategies for prevention and treatment. It has been demonstrated that several cardioprotective strategies, such as treatments with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, and dexrazoxane, can help lessen cardiotoxic effects. A better understanding of cardioprotective strategies may help optimize cancer treatment without compromising cardiovascular function.