Regulation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are important for plants in response to submergence. In this study, the difference in non-structural carbohydrates in relation with shoot elongation between Sub1A and non-Sub1A rice genotypes was investigated. Two rice genotypes, namely Inpari30 (Sub1A genotype) and IR72442 (non-Sub1A genotype), were submerged completely for 6 days and re-aerated by lowering water level up to stem base for 6 days of post submergence. In addition, non-submerged plants (control) was treated with water level up to stem base during the experiment. Photosynthesis rate decreased in both submerged Inpari30 and IR72442 genotypes 71% and 96% lower than their control, respectively. Submerged IR72442 declined Fv/Fm 15.6% lowest than its control and both control and submerged Inpari30. Investigation of the distribution of starch and soluble sugar content in plant organs suggested that shoot elongation of non-Sub1A genotype led to starch and sugar consumption that distributed faster to the new developed organ during submergence. In contrast, Sub1A genotype of Inpari30, which did not exhibit shoot elongation and showed slower NSCs distribution during submergence, performed better on post submergence by maintaining NSCs and distributing to the new developed organ faster than IR72442. These results suggest that Sub1A genotype managed elongation and NSCs during submergence more efficiently than non-Sub1A genotype.

Benefits of biochar application on environment conservation and agricultural production have been widely studied. However, few studies were focused on root development. The objective of this study covered root and shoot development, yield, and soil properties associated with exposure of Oryza glaberrima rice during the early reproductive stage to drought stress in rice-husk amended soil. The biochar was amended at a rate of 10.5 g pot(-1), equivalent to 3 ton ha(-1). Biochar-amended and non-amended plants were exposed to drought stress after the panicles had visibly emerged in all plant populations. Biochar application caused less restriction on root elongation, volume, and surface area during water stress conditions. Enhanced root development was primarily associated with improvement in water status and chemical properties in biochar-amended soil. Soil chemical properties improved, including increased soil pH, available P, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Mg. Under drought stress conditions, shoot growth was more sensitive than root growth, as indicated by the significant reduction of stem dry weight (SDW) and leaf dry weight (LDW). Fine roots in biochar-amended soil were longer than those in non-amended soil. In general, Biochar application enable the O. glaberrima rice to maintain yield under drought stress condition.

Flooding imposes a severe selection pressure on plants principally because excess water in their surroundings can deprive them of certain basic needs, notably of oxygen and of carbon dioxide and light for photosynthesis. It is one of the major abiotic influences on species’ distribution and agricultural productivity world-wide. A cultivated species, O. glaberrima is origin from Africa that spread to floodplains area along river. Work to develop more tolerant crops or manage flood-prone environments more effectively is also included. Here, recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms determining tolerance versus intolerance to anaerobic stress caused by flooding in higher plants is discussed. This work integrates various specialized approaches ranging from morphology to physiology, and demonstrates how plant biology can be harnessed to improve stress tolerance in an important crop species. Materials and Methods: The research is conducted in various place of fields. As materials of rice and sugarcane, and chilli pepper are used in the experiments. Results and Discussion: We emphasize that Sub1A is not appropriate when selecting and breeding rice cultivars of O. glaberrima for resilience to longer-term submergence. Under these circumstances, a vigorous ethylene-mediated underwater elongation response by leaves is needed to return leaves to air-contact and full photosynthetic activity. Root aerenchyma is formed in waterlogged condition to on the genotype of sugarcane and oxygen in the air is supplied to the root system thorough aerenchyma. The supplied oxygen is used for root system respiration.