This paper presents a chronological review of the research carried out on antennas in low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) technology over the last ten years or so. Major breakthroughs in LTCC technologies and its shortcomings are highlighted. The current state of the art of LTCC-technology-based antennas is then evaluated. All realizable features of the LTCC-based antennas, which are compact and of light weight and offer high-speed functionality for portable electronic devices, are illustrated. Different techniques used by researchers for broadbanding, multiband designs, and fabrication of LTCC-based antennas are also presented. This paper ends with some recommendations and concluding remarks.

This paper studies uncertainty and its effect on system response displacement. The paper also describes how IT2MFs (interval type-2 membership functions) differentiate from T1MFs (type-1 membership functions) by adding uncertainty. The effect of uncertainty is modeled clearly by introducing a technique that describes how uncertainty causes membership degree reduction and changing the fuzzy word meanings in fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs). Several criteria are discussed for the measurement of the imbalance rate of internal uncertainty and its effect on system behavior. Uncertainty removal is introduced to observe the effect of uncertainty on the output. The theorem of uncertainty avoidance is presented for describing the role of uncertainty in interval type-2 fuzzy systems (IT2FSs). Another objective of this paper is to derive a novel uncertainty measure for IT2MFs with lower complexity and clearer presentation. Finally, for proving the affectivity of novel interpretation of uncertainty in IT2FSs, several investigations are done.

In this work, a low-power 0.18-μm CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) for MedRadio applications has been designed and verified. Cadence IC5 software with Silterra’s C18G CMOS Process Design Kit were used for all design and simulation work. This LNA utilizes complementary common-source current-reuse topology and subthreshold biasing to achieve low-power operation with simultaneous high gain and low noise figure. An active shunt feedback circuit is used as input matching network to provide a suitable input return loss. For test and measurement purpose, an output buffer was designed and integrated with this LNA. Inductorless design approach of this LNA, together with the use of MOSCAPs as capacitors, help to minimize the die size. On post-layout simulations with LNA die area of 0.06 mm2 and simulated total DC power consumption of 0.5 mW, all targeted specifications are met. The simulated gain, input return loss and noise figure of this LNA are 16.3 dB, 10.1 dB and 4.9 dB respectively throughout the MedRadio frequency range. For linearity, the simulated input-referred P1dB of this LNA is -26.7 dBm while its simulated IIP3 is -18.6 dBm. Overall, the post-layout simulated performance of this proposed LNA is fairly comparable to some current state-of-the-art LNAs for MedRadio applications. The small die area of this proposed LNA is a significant improvement in comparison to those of the previously reported MedRadio LNAs.

This paper discusses the suitability of implementing Sugeno- and Mamdani-type FISs for heartbeat case determination based on the Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The heartbeat cases are Normal Sinus Rhythm (NORM), Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB), Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB), Ventricular Premature Contractions (VPC) and Atrial Premature Contractions (APC). Overall, fuzzy system with Sugeno-type FIS was developed based on the FL method used in a paper. System modifications were carried out to create an alternative system for the application, implemented using Mamdani-type FIS. Both systems were verified with 3000 sets of random data for systems' performance comparison. Sugeno's system sensitivities in determining each heartbeat case are 100%, which leads to a TCA value of 100%, whereas in Mamdani's system, the sensitivities are all 100%, except for NORM heartbeat case which is 99.8% and thus TCA value is 99.9667%. It is also found that the Sugeno's system processing time is always less compared to Mamdani's system.

Concept of horizontal and vertical rule bases is introduced. Using this method enables the designers to look for main behaviors of system and describes them with greater approximations. The rules which describe the system in first stage are called horizontal rule base. In the second stage, the designer modulates the obtained surface by describing needed changes on first surface for handling real behaviors of system. The rules used in the second stage are called vertical rule base. Horizontal and vertical rule bases method has a great roll in easing of extracting the optimum control surface by using too lesser rules than traditional fuzzy systems. This research involves with control of a system with high nonlinearity and in difficulty to model it with classical methods. As a case study for testing proposed method in real condition, the designed controller is applied to steaming room with uncertain data and variable parameters. A comparison between PID and traditional fuzzy counterpart and our proposed system shows that our proposed system outperforms PID and traditional fuzzy systems in point of view of number of valve switching and better surface following. The evaluations have done both with model simulation and DSP implementation.