Wheat growth, development and yield are severely affected by a wide range of abiotic stresses, and salt stress is a vital and increasing abiotic stress. Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic phytohormone involved in plant physiological processes. Hence, we have conducted an experiment to explore the roles of exogenous SA in mitigating salt stress in two wheat genotypes. There were eight treatments comprising (i) control, (ii) 0.5 mM SA, (iii) 1.0 mM SA, (iv) 1.5 mM SA, (v) salinity (12 dS m⁻¹), (vi) salinity + 0.5 mM SA, (vii) salinity + 1.0 mM SA and (viii) salinity + 1.5 mM SA with two wheat genotypes viz G 200-4 and BARI gom-25. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with five replications. During the vegetative stage, salt stress significantly reduced the relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and growth characteristics of both wheat genotypes, while the exogenous application of SA in salt-stressed plants significantly improved the RWC, gas exchange activities and growth performance of both the genotypes. The leaf chlorophyll content was also degraded due to salinity treatment, although it was mitigated by the exogenous application of SA. The imposition of salt significantly reduced the number of days required for maturity, yield-contributing characteristics and the yield of both the wheat genotypes. Salt stress also significantly increased Na⁺ concentrations and the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, while the K⁺ concentrations was decreased significantly in both the wheat genotypes. However, the exogenous application of SA in salt-stressed plants significantly reduced the salt stress effects and increased the growth and yield of wheat genotypes by enhancing RWC, gas exchange activities and photosynthetic pigments and maintaining lower Na⁺ concentrations and a Na⁺/K⁺ ratio. Therefore, the findings of this study suggested that the exogenous application of SA improved the salt tolerance of both wheat genotypes.

Among the environmental constraints, the growth and yield of crops are seriously impaired by moisture stress. With this view, an experiment was conducted to observe genotypic differences in water relation, gas exchange characteristics and yield performance of mungbean under low soil moisture conditions. Experimental variables consisted of five drought tolerant genotypes (G88, G108, G141,varietiesG186), one susceptible genotype (G43) and two standard check variety (BU mug 5, Binnamoog-8) which assigned to two moisture regimes viz., water regime A ((80 to 90% field capacity (FC)) and water regime B (40 to 50% FC). Results showed that water saturation deficit, water uptake capacity and transpiration rate were the lowest in tolerant genotypes G88 followed by genotypes G141, while those were the highest in susceptible genotype G43 under low soil moisture conditions. Contrarily, the highest amount of relative water content and water retention capacity were found in tolerant genotypes G141, G108 and G88 and the lowest was recorded in susceptible genotype G43 under low soil moisture conditions. In the case of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, the tolerant genotype G141, G88 and G108 showed the higher values at moisture stress condition. The highest total chlorophyll content and proline content were also found in tolerant genotype G88 followed by G141 and G108, and the lowest was found in susceptible genotype G43 under moisture stress conditions. Irrespective of genotypes, moisture stress significantly decreased the yield attributes and yield of mungbean genotypes. However, the highest seed yield per plant (12.11 g) was found in tolerant genotype G88 under low soil moisture conditions because of its lowest reduction rate of yield attributes under moisture stress. Similar responses were also observed in tolerant genotypes G141 and G108. Therefore, the genotypes G88, G108 and G141 showed better performance in the case of water relation and gas exchange characteristics which might be contribute to higher yield of those genotypes.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important legume crop cultivated for its oil and protein content and widely used for human consumption and animal feed. However, its productivity is often limited by micronutrient deficiencies, particularly zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), especially in calcareous soils. This investigation was conducted to determine the effect of foliar application of zinc and iron nanoparticles on the growth and yield of groundnut to identify the optimal concentration under field conditions. A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Sub-station Sunamganj, following a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with 17 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of different concentrations and combinations of Zn and Fe nanoparticles applied as foliar sprays. Growth parameters and yield attributes were recorded and analysed statistically. The results showed that foliar application of Zn and Fe nanoparticles significantly influenced growth and yield parameters. The combined treatment Zn100 + Fe50 mg L-1 (T8) produced the highest biomass accumulation, pod number and grain yield compared to other treatments. Higher concentrations did not result in further yield improvement, indicating a concentration-dependent response. These findings suggest that moderate combined application of Zn and Fe nanoparticles may enhance growth and yield performance of groundnut under the tested conditions. Further studies incorporating detailed soil and nanoparticle characterisation are recommended to strengthen mechanistic understanding.