Background: Components of liquid biopsy are promising non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) status. Present study tries to evaluate the role of exosomes and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as promise, novel and stable biomarkers that could improve current ones in RCC. Methods: A total of 140 fractions obtained by ultracentrifugations of whole blood samples stored in EDTA anticoagulant from 28 (13 patients and 15 controls) were included in present study. An exosome collection protocol and exhaustive analysis of all phases obtained by ultracentrifugations (named from B to F) was performed. Subsequently, an analysis of dPCR (digital PCR) using the QuantStudio™ 3D Digital PCR platform and the quantification of mtDNA copy number using by QuantStudioTM 12K Flex Real-Time PCR System (qPCR) was developed. Moreover, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analyses were included using MiSeq system (Illumina, CA, USA). Results: F fraction, which contains all exosomes´ data and all mitochondrial markers (hypervariable region 1 (HV1) and apocytochrome b of complex III (MT-CYB)) were statistically identified in dPCR and qPCR (p values < 0.05) when a comparison between cases and controls was performed. Moreover, the studied mitochondrial genes shown a relevant significance in RCC aggressiveness analyses (metastasis and stages 4).Conclusions: To sum up, this is the first time a relation between mtDNA genetic markers in exosome and clinical management of RCC is suggested.

Staphylococcus aureus causes diverse clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic colonization to severe invasive disease. Host genetic factors influencing infection susceptibility and severity remain incompletely understood. This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in PROSPERO, evaluated human genetic variants associated with susceptibility to S.aureus infection and colonization, with subsequent clinical outcomes. Bibliographic databases and grey literature sources were searched for observational studies (2015-2026), with risk of bias assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Regarding innate immunity, IL1RN*2/*2 was associated with post-traumatic S. aureus osteomyelitis, whereas the TIRAP association lost significance after adjustment. In adaptive immunity, admixture mapping linked European ancestry at HLA class II locus to bacteremia in African Americans, while CCR5Δ32 altered circulating chemokines levels without altering clinical risk. Regarding metabolism and iron regulation, GLS2 variant (rs937115) was associated with complicated bacteremia, and an intergenic CHCHD7/SDR16C5 variant (rs73596248) was linked to higher hepcidin levels and a lower risk of bacteremia. CFTR F508del genotype showed no significant association with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) acquisition. These findings support a multifactorial host genetic network in S. aureus infection and underscore the need for larger, multi-ancestry, independently replicated studies to validate genetic markers for future risk stratification.