Interfacial-transistor circuit model couples electronic charge transfer to mobile ions.

The development of scalable deposition methods for perovskite solar cell materials is critical to enable the commercialization of this nascent technology. Herein, we investigate the use and processing of nanoparticle SnO₂ films as electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells and develop deposition methods for ultrasonic spray coating and slot-die coating, leading to photovoltaic device efficiencies over 19%. The effects of postprocessing treatments (thermal annealing, UV ozone, and O₂ plasma) are then probed using structural and spectroscopic techniques to characterize the nature of the np-SnO₂/perovskite interface. We show that a brief “hot air flow” method can be used to replace extended thermal annealing, confirming that this approach is compatible with high-throughput processing. Our results highlight the importance of interface management to minimize nonradiative losses and provide a deeper understanding of the processing requirements for large-area deposition of nanoparticle metal oxides.

Back-contact PSCs are fabricated by depositing charge-selective electrodes and MAPbI ₃ into micron-sized polymeric grooves, micro-modules are formed by serially-connecting grooves.

PCDTBT conductivity is 10⁵ times higher when doped with LITFSI & TBP, perovskite devices employing doped PCDTBT achieve 15.9% PCE.