Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding proteins 1 and 2 (G3BP1 and G3BP2, respectively) are widely recognized as core components of stress granules (SGs). We report that G3BPs reside at the cytoplasmic surface of lysosomes. They act in a non-redundant manner to anchor the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) protein complex to lysosomes and suppress activation of the metabolic master regulator mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by amino acids and insulin. Like the TSC complex, G3BP1 deficiency elicits phenotypes related to mTORC1 hyperactivity. In the context of tumors, low G3BP1 levels enhance mTORC1-driven breast cancer cell motility and correlate with adverse outcomes in patients. Furthermore, G3bp1 inhibition in zebrafish disturbs neuronal development and function, leading to white matter heterotopia and neuronal hyperactivity. Thus, G3BPs are not only core components of SGs but also a key element of lysosomal TSC-mTORC1 signaling.

We present a new platform based on hydrogel beads for multiplex analysis that can be fabricated, barcoded, and functionalized in a single step using a simple microfluidic assembly and a photo-cross-linking process. The beads are generated in a two-phase flow fluidic system and photo-cross-linking of the polymer in the aqueous phase by C,H insertion cross-linking (CHic). The size and shape of the hydrogel particles can be controlled over a wide range by fluidic parameters. During the fabrication of the beads, they are barcoded by using physical and optical barcoding strategies. Magnetic beads and fluorescent particles, which allow identification of the production batch number, are added simultaneously as desired, resulting in complex, multifunctional beads in a one-step reaction. As an example of biofunctionalization, Borrelia antigens were immobilized on the beads. Serum samples that originated from infected and non-infected patients could be clearly distinguished, and the sensitivity was as good as or even better than ELISA, the state of the art in clinical diagnostics. The ease of the one-step production process and the wide range of barcoding parameters offer strong advantages for multiplexed analytics in the life sciences and medical diagnostics.

Cells have evolved highly intertwined kinase networks to finely tune cellular homeostasis to the environment. The network converging on the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) kinase constitutes a central hub that integrates metabolic signals and adapts cellular metabolism and functions to nutritional changes and stress. Feedforward and feedback loops, crosstalks and a plethora of modulators finely balance MTOR-driven anabolic and catabolic processes. This complexity renders it difficult — if not impossible — to intuitively decipher signaling dynamics and network topology. Over the last two decades, systems approaches have emerged as powerful tools to simulate signaling network dynamics and responses. In this review, we discuss the contribution of systems studies to the discovery of novel edges and modulators in the MTOR network in healthy cells and in disease.

Tumours face tryptophan (Trp) depletion, but the mechanisms sustaining protein biosynthesis under Trp stress remain unclear. We report that Trp stress increases the levels of the translation repressor EIF4EBP1. Yet, at the same time, EIF4EBP1 is selectively phosphorylated by the metabolic master regulator MTORC1 kinase, preventing EIF4EBP1 from inhibiting translation. MTORC1 activity under Trp stress is unexpected because the absence of amino acids is typically linked with MTORC1 inhibition. EIF4EBP1-sensitive translation in Trp starved cells is sustained by EGFR and RAS signalling to MTORC1. Via this mechanism, Trp stress enhances the synthesis and activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). This is noteworthy as Trp catabolites are known to activate AHR, and therefore Trp stress was previously considered to inhibit AHR. Trp stress-induced AHR enhances the expression of key regulators of autophagy, which sustains intracellular Trp levels and Trp-charged tRNAs for translation. Hence, Trp stress switches MTORC1 from its established inhibitory function into an enhancer of autophagy, acting through AHR. The clinical potential of this fundamental mechanism is highlighted by the activity of the mTORC1-AHR pathway and an autophagy signature in 20% of glioblastoma patients, opening up new avenues for cancer therapy.

Summary: G3BP1 (Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1) is widely recognized as a core component of stress granules (SG), non-membranous RNA-protein-assemblies required for cellular survival under stress. We report that in the absence of SG, G3BP1 acts as lysosomal anchor of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) protein complex. By tethering the TSC complex to lysosomes, G3BP1 suppresses signaling through the metabolic master regulator mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1). Like the known TSC complex subunits, G3BP1 suppresses phenotypes related to mTORC1 hyperactivity in the context of tumors and neuronal dysfunction. Thus, G3BP1 is not only a core component of SG but also a key element of lysosomal TSC-mTORC1 signaling. Highlights: The bona fide stress granule component G3BP1 is a key element of the TSC-mTORC1 signaling axis. tethers the TSC complex to lysosomes. prevents mTORC1 hyperactivation by metabolic stimuli. suppresses mTORC1-driven cancer cell motility and epileptiform activity. Graphical