Despite the impressive achievements of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) in computer vision, their vulnerability to adversarial attacks remains a critical concern. Extensive research has demonstrated that incorporating sophisticated perturbations into input images can lead to a catastrophic degradation in DNNs' performance. This perplexing phenomenon not only exists in the digital space but also in the physical world. Consequently, it becomes imperative to evaluate the security of DNNs-based systems to ensure their safe deployment in real-world scenarios, particularly in security-sensitive applications. To facilitate a profound understanding of this topic, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of physical adversarial attacks. Firstly, we distill four general steps for launching physical adversarial attacks. Building upon this foundation, we uncover the pervasive role of artifacts carrying adversarial perturbations in the physical world. These artifacts influence each step. To denote them, we introduce a new term: adversarial medium. Then, we take the first step to systematically evaluate the performance of physical adversarial attacks, taking the adversarial medium as a first attempt. Our proposed evaluation metric, hiPAA , comprises six perspectives: Effectiveness , Stealthiness , Robustness , Practicability , Aesthetics , and Economics . We also provide comparative results across task categories, together with insightful observations and suggestions for future research directions.

A backdoor attack is executed by injecting a few poisoned samples into the training dataset of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), enabling attackers to implant a hidden manipulation. This manipulation can be triggered during inference to exhibit controlled behavior, posing risks in real-world deployments. In this paper, we specifically focus on the safety-critical task of pedestrian detection and propose a novel backdoor trigger by exploiting the Moiré effect. The Moiré effect, a common physical phenomenon, disrupts camera-captured images by introducing Moiré patterns and unavoidable interference. Our method comprises three key steps. Firstly, we analyze the Moiré effect's cause and simulate its patterns on pedestrians' clothing. Next, we embed these Moiré patterns as a backdoor trigger into digital images and use this dataset to train a backdoored detector. Finally, we physically test the trained detector by wearing clothing that generates Moiré patterns. We demonstrate that individuals wearing such clothes can effectively evade detection by the backdoored model while wearing regular clothes does not trigger the attack, ensuring the attack remains covert. Extensive experiments in both digital and physical spaces thoroughly demonstrate the effectiveness and efficacy of our proposed Moiré Backdoor Attack.