The true frogs of the genus Rana are a complex and diverse group, containing approximately 60 species with wide distribution across Eurasia and the Americas. Recently, many new species have been discovered with the help of molecular markers and morphological traits. However, the evolutionary history in Rana was not well understood and might be limited by the absence of mitogenome information. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of R. longicrus and R. zhenhaiensis, containing 22 tRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs, and a non-coding region, with 17,502 bp and 18,006 bp in length, respectively. In 13 protein codon genes, the COI was the most conserved, and ATP8 had a fast rate of evolution. The Ka/Ks ratio analysis among Rana indicated the protein-coding genes were suffering purify selection. There were three kinds of gene arrangement patterns found. The mitochondrial gene arrangement was not related to species diversification, and several independent shifts happened in evolutionary history. Climate fluctuation and environmental change may have played an essential role in species diversification in Rana. This study provides mitochondrial genetic information, improving our understanding of mitogenomic structure and evolution, and recognizes the phylogenetic relationship and taxonomy among Rana.

Species dispersal patterns and population genetic structure can be influenced by geographical features. Qinling Mountains (QM) provide an excellent area for phylogeographic study. The phylogeography of Asian-wide wild boars revealed the colonization route. However, the impact of the QM on genetic diversity, genetic structure and population origin is still poorly understood. In this study, genetic analysis of wild boar in the QM was conducted based on the mitochondrial control region (943 bp) and twelve microsatellite loci of 82 individuals in 16 sampling locations. Overall genetic haplotype diversity was 0.86, and the nucleotide diversity was 0.0079. A total of 17 new haplotypes were detected. The level of genetic diversity of wild boars in QM was lower than in East Asia, but higher than in Europe. Phylogenetic analysis showed the weak genetic divergence in QM. Mismatch analysis, neutrality tests, and Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) results revealed that the estimates of effective population size were under demographic equilibrium in the past. Spatial analysis of molecular variance indicated no obvious phylogeographic structure.