The ability to directly measure acetylcholine (ACh) release is an essential first step towards understanding its physiological function. Here we optimized the GRAB _ACh ( G PC R - A ctivation– B ased- ACh ) sensor with significantly improved sensitivity and minimal downstream coupling. Using this sensor, we measured in-vivo cholinergic activity in both Drosophila and mice, revealing compartmental ACh signals in fly olfactory center and single-trial ACh dynamics in multiple regions of the mice brain under a variety of different behaviors