Three hundred thirty‐day‐old unsexed commercial broiler chicks (Vencobb‐400) with initial average body weight of 44.04 ± 0.42 g were allocated into five experimental groups, in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 21‐day experiment. Groups were formed according to dose of supplemental L‐threonine in various rations i.e., 100% NRC specification, 100% threonine of Vencobb‐400 strain specification, 110% threonine of Vencobb‐400 strain specification, 120% of threonine of Vencobb‐400 strain specification and 130% threonine of Vencobb‐400 strain specification. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily body weight gain (ADG), cumulative feed conversion ratio (CFCR), carcass characteristics, immune response, intestinal morphometry and biochemical profile were studied. The ADFI and ADG increased linearly and quadratically as dietary threonine levels were increased. However, the CFCR did not differ (p ˃ 0.05) among the groups. Though the carcass weight and drumstick yield did not differ (p ˃ 0.05) among the groups, the relative breast yield increased linearly (p = 0.007). The relative dressing yield and relative thigh weight increased linearly (p = 0.05 and p = 0.03, respectively). The relative weight of immune organs like bursa and thymus increased linearly. The mean total serum immunoglobulin, ND‐ELISA titre and the mean lymphocyte proliferation response index increased linearly, whereas mean phagocytic activity index of neutrophil increased linearly (p < 0.001) and quadratically (p = 0.001). The mean villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), villus surface area and mean goblet cell number/villus increased linearly and quadratically, whereas the villus width (VW) and goblet cell density increased quadratically. The serum glucose increased linearly (p = 0.001), whereas serum total protein concentration and serum globulin level increased both linearly and quadratically. The albumin: globulin ratio tended to decrease linearly. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in serum cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol level. However, a linear increment (p = 0.04) in the blood serum HDL cholesterol level with a linear reduction (p = 0.01) in the blood serum LDL cholesterol was noticed.

Background: Threonine is recognized as the third limiting amino acid for poultryin a maize-soybean meal. Insufficient levels of threonine can adversely affect the overall performance of the birds. The dietary requirements for L-Threonine as recommended by the National Research Council (NRC) may not adequately meet the needs of present-day commercial poultry birds. Methods: Three hundred and thirty (330) day-old commercial unsexed broiler chicks of Vencobb-400 strain (45.05±0.4 g) were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) into 5 groups. The groups were based on varying doses of dietary L-Threoninein different rations, specifically: NRC recommendation, 100% Threonine of Vencobb-400 recommendation, 110% Threonine of Vencobb-400 recommendation, 120% Threonine of Vencobb-400 recommendation and 130% Threonine of Vencobb-400 recommendation for a 42-day trial period. Result: The cumulative feed consumption exhibited both linear and quadratic increments; however, no significant difference was observed for body weight gain. The cumulative feed conversion ratio (CFCR) did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05) among the trial groups. The carcass weight, dressing percentage and relative yields of thigh and drumstick increased linearly, while the relative breast yield showed linear and quadratic trends. Conversely, abdominal fat% decreased in both linear and quadratic trends. The total serum immunoglobulin, ND-ELISA titre and mean neutrophil phagocytic activity index improved in both linear and quadratic manners, whereas the lymphocyte proliferation response (LPR) index linearly increased (p less than 0.001). The villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), villus surface area (VSA), number of goblet cells per villus, VH:VW and VH:CD increased in both linear and quadratic manners, while villus width (VW) and crypt depth (CD) increased linearly. The highest Economic Index score (EIS) and relative European production efficiency factor (EPEF) were recorded in the group receiving 120% threonine.

Poultry farming remains the predominant form of animal husbandry, significantly contributing to food security, as well as sociocultural and economic development in many countries. In India, there exists a notable imbalance between the supply and demand for meat and eggs. In numerous developing nations, the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is recognized as the optimal poultry species to fulfill the requirements for animal protein. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of black cumin, turmeric and vitamin E mixture on egg production and hatchability performance of Japanese quails. 108 adult quails (72 females and 36 males), approximately 6 weeks old, were randomly selected and divided into three treatment groups: T₀ (no supplementation/control group), T₁ (1 percent mixture of black cumin and turmeric powder in a 1:1 ratio plus 100 mg of vitamin E) per kg of feed, and T₂ (2 percent mixture of black cumin and turmeric powder in a 1:1 ratio plus 200 mg of vitamin E) per kg of feed. Each of these treatment groups had three (3) replicates, each replicate consisting of 8 females and 4 males. The experimental period for the birds extended until they reached 12 weeks of age. Cages were used to rear the quails and maintained properly with standard management procedures. Age at sexual maturity was significantly earlier in treatment groups in comparison with the control group. The hen day egg production (%) was significantly higher in T₂ group as compared to the control group during 5^th to 10^th week of age. while it was significantly greater in the both supplemented groups in comparison with the control group during 11^th and 12^th week. Egg weight and hatchability was recorded as non-significant among all treatment groups. However, the mean albumen index, yolk index and Haugh unit of quail eggs was significantly higher in the T2 group. It is concluded that supplementation of 2 per cent mixture of black cumin, and turmeric powder at 1:1 ratio with 200 mg vitamin E per kg feed improved egg production and egg quality characteristics in Japanese quail.

A feeding trial was conducted during 2024–25 at KVK Dhalai Pig Breeding Farm, Tripura to study the effect of driedAzolla supplementation in the conventional concentrate ration of piglets. A total of 20 weaned piglets were randomlyallocated to five treatments in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications. The treatments were gradedlevels of dried Azolla replacing concentrate feed on a protein-equivalent basis. The results showed a significant(P<0.05) enhancement in growth performance, feed efficiency, health status, carcass traits, and economic returnswith the increasing level of Azolla supplementation. The highest final body weight (70.8 kg), total weight gain (60.5 kg)and average daily gain (224 g/day) with the lowest feed conversion ratio (2.60) were recorded by piglets fed 900 gconcentrate + 76.5 g dried Azolla. There was a decrease in feed intake and an increase in protein intake, indicatingimproved nutrient utilization. Health parameters indicated a lesser incidence of diarrhoea and respiratory problems inthe Azolla-fed groups. Economic analysis showed a marked reduction in feed cost and a higher net return (Rs.4750)and benefit-cost ratio (1.81) in piglets fed 900 g concentrate + 76.5 g dried Azolla. Carcass characteristics also improved,with higher dressing percentage, increased lean meat content, and reduced back fat thickness. It can be concludedthat dried Azolla can effectively replace a part of the concentrate feed in pig diets. Supplementation at 76.5 g/pig/daywas the most efficient and economical feeding strategy in farm conditions.