Medication adherence among heart failure (HF) patients in the Middle East remains a critical, under-explored issue. This systematic review examines medication adherence rates and their influencing factors in this region. A search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified 12 studies published between 2013 and 2023, revealing an average non-adherence rate of 60%. Influential factors include socioeconomic status, education, psychiatric conditions, and medication-related issues. Significant gaps in research methodologies and reporting were noted. The review highlights the impact of socio-economic determinants on adherence and calls for more robust research and targeted interventions to address these barriers. Improving patient education and healthcare provider communication are crucial to enhancing adherence rates. These findings underscore the importance of addressing regional challenges through tailored approaches and suggest further studies are needed to develop effective strategies for improving adherence among HF patients in the Middle East.

Objective: Several variables can impact medication adherence. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) still have low medication adherence, which increases their risk of hospitalization, uncontrolled blood sugar levels, and consequences from other illnesses. The study aimed to identify variables associated with medication adherence in T2DM outpatients to define a pharmacist intervention model or digital adherence technologies developed to improve medication adherence. Methods: A case-control study was conducted on a sample of 100 respondents. A census was conducted on all outpatients of T2DM at the Tertiary Hospital in Central Java, Indonesia, from June 1st to July 31st 2024 to select cases and control groups after out and completing the questionnaire. The medication adherence questionnaire used in this study is a self-developed questionnaire by the researcher, which has been tested for validity (r>0.361) and reliability (0.737). Adherence was analyzed descriptively, where a score of 9 indicated adherence. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate adherence factors. Results: The respondent’s adherence to medication was 60% as measured by the Medication adherence questionnaire for T2DM. Occupation, health insurance, number of DM medications, duration of therapy, comorbidities, gender, age, and family support had no significant effect on patient adherence (p>0.05). Factor significantly associated with medication adherence were education level (OR = 2.513, p = 0.028). Conclusion: Education can influence patient medication adherence. Pharmacists can actively contribute by providing education and counseling to improve patients’ understanding of their disease and enhance medication adherence.