Biomass size spectra describe the structure of aquatic communities ataxonomically. The slope (b) of the normalized biomass size spectrum (NBSS) is often used as an indicator of the impact of perturbations, such as pollution or overfishing. The NBSS intercept (a), has generally been ignored on the basis of a correlation between the NBSS slope and intercept, although this correlation has not been shown to be universal. We assessed whether the NBSS parameters are correlated using: (i) theoretical analysis, (ii) virtual communities randomly generated based only on statistical considerations, and (iii) virtual food webs changing over time following a dynamic bioenergetic model. We also analyzed whether the parameters of the Pareto distribution are correlated or not, using approaches (i) and (ii). We found that when communities change over time there is no single relationship between the two NBSS parameters, due to a dependence on the variation in total community abundance (N). We conclude that to characterize any aquatic system at least two parameters are necessary from the NBSS triad N, a, b. In the case of the Pareto distribution, both NPareto and bPareto are necessary.

Coastal storms have increased in recent decades, affecting many species, including the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia). Reports of stranded sea lion pups are becoming common in Chile, presumably due to the increase in the frequency and intensity of coastal storms. To validate this assumption, a 10-year database was built by coupling wave generation and coastal propagation models to correlate pure wave parameters (significant wave height Hs, peak period Tp, normalized wave power Hs²Tp) and wave parameters including the tidal level (maximum surface elevation η, modified wave power η²Tp) with records of stranded pups in Cobquecura, the largest breeding colony in central Chile. The correlation between the number of pups stranded per day and wave parameters in the first half of January and the last half of February is poor, while they are stronger for the second half of January and the first half of February. The higher number of stranded pups coincide with coastal storms with normalized wave power values exceeding a threshold of 100 m²/s. Conversely, below this threshold there is wide dispersion between the number of strandings and wave parameters. Identifying wave parameter thresholds could be used to predict when newborn pups will be most affected by coastal storms, and thus help institutions to develop remediation techniques for animals at risk.

Synthetic organic chemicals, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and industrial compounds, pose a growing threat to marine ecosystems. Despite their potential impact, data on the co-occurrence of these contaminants in multiple compartments, including surface water, bottom water, porewater, and sediment in the marine environment remains limited. Such information is critical for assessing coastal chemical status, establishing environmental quality benchmarks, and conducting comprehensive environmental risk assessments. In this study, we describe a multifaceted monitoring campaign targeting pesticides, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, additives, and plasticizers among other synthetic chemicals in four sampling sites. One site was located in the small Coliumo bay affected by urban settlements and tourism in central-south and additionally, we sampled three sites, Caucahue Channel, affected by urban settlements and salmon farming in northern Patagonia in Chile. Surface water, bottom water, porewater, and adjacent sediment samples were collected for target screening analysis in LC- and GC-HRMS platforms. Our results show the detection of up to 83 chemicals in surface water, 71 in bottom water, 101 in porewater, and 244 in sediments. To enhance data utility and reuse potential, we provide valuable information on the mode of action and molecular targets of the identified chemicals. This comprehensive dataset contributes to defining pollution fingerprints in coastal areas of the Global South, including remote regions in Patagonia. It serves as a critical resource for future research including marine chemical risk assessment, policymaking, and the advancement of environmental protection in these regions.

Las características ecológicas de la macrofauna bentónica, la convierten en un buen indicador para evaluar los efectos de perturbaciones antropogénicas (e.g., acuicultura, emisarios submarinos, etc.) sobre los ecosistemas marinos. La normativa chilena aplicable a monitoreos ambientales establece que su caracterización debe realizarse utilizando tamices de 1.000 µm de abertura. Con el objetivo de evaluar la pérdida de información en composición y abundancia de las especies al utilizar este tamiz respecto de uno de 500 µm, se realizaron muestreos submareales en invierno y verano del 2018 en 5 áreas del Golfo de Arauco, Chile central. El muestreo y análisis consistió en: (i) cernido en tamiz de 1.000 µm, reteniendo los organismos que traspasan este tamiz en uno de 500 µm, (ii) identificación de los organismos retenidos en ambos tamices hasta el nivel taxonómico más bajo posible y, (iii) comparación de la macrofauna entre tamices, períodos y áreas de muestreo, utilizando estadística univariada y multivariada. A partir de los análisis se encontraron diferencias significativas en la estructura comunitaria de la macrofauna entre tamices, áreas y periodos de muestreo. Los índices AMBI y W, utilizados como bio-indicadores comunitarios, también identifican diferencias significativas entre tamices. Los resultados señalan que, si bien el uso de un tamiz de 1.000 µm permite identificar diferencias espaciales y temporales en la macrofauna, con su uso se subestima el nivel de impacto detectado por los bio-indicadores comunitarios. Por tal razón, se recomienda utilizar un tamiz de 500 µm si el objetivo es evaluar impactos antropogénicos en el ambiente marino, especialmente en líneas de base, caracterizaciones preliminares de sitio para la acuicultura y programas de vigilancia ambiental. Toda la información, debiera, además, ser integrada mediante herramientas estadísticas multivariadas, capaces de incorporar en conjunto los antecedentes biológicos y ambientales recopilados en el área de estudio.

Cumulative welfare is defined as the balance of all experiences shaping an animal’s quality of life over its lifespan. For cultured fish, optimizing cumulative welfare requires identifying the factors that modulate biological processes linked to negative and positive experiences. This study investigated whether behavioral thermoregulation represents one such factor in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) during the freshwater phase. The fish were reared for 5 months in thermally enriched (allowing thermoregulation) or constant‐temperature (non‐thermoregulatory) environments, and their thermal behaviors were documented. Welfare was assessed through mortality, growth, and parameters linked to oxidative damage in brain and muscle tissues. These parameters included free radicals, superoxide dismutase 1 ( sod1 ), glutathione peroxidase 1a ( gpx1a ), 8‐hydroxy‐2 ^′ ‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), telomere‐to‐single‐copy gene ( T / S ) ratio, and 5‐methylcytosine (5‐mC). The ability to behaviorally thermoregulate was associated with lower mortality, greater growth, and elevated antioxidant enzyme expression compared to the non‐thermoregulatory group. Thermoregulatory fish also showed lower 8‐OHdG levels in both tissues, a stable brain T / S ratio over time, and 5‐mC changes indicative of brain hypomethylation and muscle hypermethylation. Despite these complex time, tissue, and group‐dependent patterns, the principal component analysis (PCA)‐derived index revealed consistently higher welfare scores for the thermoregulatory group. Among all indicators evaluated, PCA‐based coefficient values identified 8‐OHdG and mortality as the variables with the largest contribution to the cumulative welfare index. These findings provide experimental evidence of a link between behavioral thermoregulation and the modulation of biological processes related to an optimized cumulative welfare state. This study contributes to the integration of retrospective and prospective dimensions into animal welfare management in aquaculture.