Acute disorders of cerebral circulation are one of the leading problems of modern clinical medicine, due to their significant spread in the human population and the extremely negative impact exerted on the patient’s body. Currently available data allow us to talk about the multi-vector nature of the pathogenesis of ischemic brain damage. Within the framework of the cascade of developing pathochemical and pathophysiological processes, an essential role in the formation of ischemic stroke belongs to the inflammatory reaction occurring through the immune system’s response to cerebral tissue ischemia. One of the places of its implementation is the vessel wall located in the ischemic zone, where monocytes and neutrophils are attracted with the help of cell adhesion proteins. Complement activation plays a significant role, carried out mainly due to the C3 component or during the initialization of the mannose pathway. Activation of microglia and astrocytes plays a huge role directly in the focus of ischemia. It should be noted that in the process of activation, both microglia and astrocytes are able to acquire a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype. The prevalence of the pro-inflammatory variant contributes to prolonged damage to brain tissue, while the predominance of the anti-inflammatory phenotype has a protective effect. An important role is played by a violation of the function of the blood-brain barrier, which provides an additional influx of leukocytes to the site of ischemia. In addition, individual subpopulations of T-lymphocytes penetrating through the damaged barrier also play a significant role in the organization and dynamics of the immuno-inflammatory response. The action of Th1 and Th2 cells, gamma-delta T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, as well as regulatory T lymphocytes has been most studied. The role of B-lymphocytes in the formation of a stroke focus is considered.

Cognitive disorders are currently being considered within the framework of the most pressing problems of modern clinical neurology in particular and medicine in general. Their significance is due to both the significant negative impact on the health and quality of life of patients, as well as the condition of their immediate relatives and society as a whole. In addition, widespread violations of higher cortical functions significantly affect the financial and economic indicators of individual groups of individuals and the state. These provisions determine the need to search for new highly effective ways of managing patients. The solution of this problem is impossible without the introduction of effective diagnostic methods that allow rapid and qualitative verification of the pathological process, especially at its early stages. Given the fact that Alzheimers disease plays a major role in the development of dementia in old age, the development of its diagnostic methods is the interest area for the researchers. Currently used diagnostic algorithms, which include, in addition to neuropsychological examination, such methods as the study of the content of -amyloid and -protein in the cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography, a number of others are either invasive or require expensive specialized equipment and have a high financial cost. This leads to a significant limitation of their use in everyday clinical practice. At the same time, certain successes have been achieved recently in the field of the introduction of nanotechnology products into medical science. This is the direction for the further prospects for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. One of the materials obtained in this direction is graphene, which is a two-dimensional allotropic modification of carbon with a number of specific physical properties. Currently biological sensors based on graphene are being developed, which have high sensitivity and specificity to the biomarkers under study and allow them to be determined in extremely low concentrations. The research in this direction may lead to the creation of a new diagnostic method that allows for the effective diagnosis of Alzheimers disease in the early stages, including at the outpatient level.

Иммунная система имеет ключевую роль в патогенезе черепно-мозговой травмы. Травматические повреждение головного мозга обуславливает высвобождение молекул «опасности» с последующем вовлечением клеток врожденного иммунного ответа, инициирующих развитие нейровоспаления. Возникающие нарушения в иммунной системе при черепно-мозговой травме являются проявлением защитной реакции организма, при этом исход черепно-мозговой травмы обусловлен не только тяжестью первичного поражения головного мозга, но и вторичными реакциями. Нейровоспаление — это иммунный ответ на поражение мозга, в ходе которого происходит высвобождение молекул, связанных с повреждением, дальнейшей активацией и пролиферацией клеток микроглии и астроглии, миграцией в зону повреждения Т-лимфоцитов, обладающих как протективным, так и деструктивным действием в отношении мозговой ткани. Управляющую роль в данных процессах играют цитокины — белки, продуцируемые резидентными клетками глии, опосредующие межклеточные взаимодействия при различных патологических состояниях. Уже на ранних стадиях развития в ответ на травму клетками микроглии синтезируются провоспалительные цитокины, которые дополнительно стимулируют активацию микроглии и блокируют процессы ремиелинзации. Показано, что после тяжелой травмы головного мозга высокие концентрации IL-6 в цереброспинальной жидкости демонстрируют прямую корреляцию со степенью тяжести и исходом заболевания. Целью данного исследования явилось изучение особенностей уровня IL-6 в цереброспинальной жидкости пациентов с ушибом головного мозга легкой, средней и тяжелой степени тяжести. Методом мультиплексного анализа по технологии xMAP определяли концентрацию IL-6 в цереброспинальной жидкости. Контролем служили образцы цереброспинальной жидкости пациентов с сотрясением головного мозга. Обнаружено достоверно повышенное содержание у всех пациентов с ушибом головного мозга: 19,59 пг/мл в группе с ушибом легкой степени тяжести, 103,6 пг/мл в группе с ушибом средней степени тяжести и 2225 пг/мл в группе с ушибом тяжелой степени тяжести против 2,58 пг/мл в контрольной группе. Установлена прямая корреляционная взаимосвязь с содержанием основного белка миелина в цереброспинальной жидкости, что отражает степень воспаления и процессов нейродегенерации. Выявление особенностей содержания IL-6 у больных с ушибом головного мозга может свидетельствовать об его важной роли в течения заболевания. А также требует дополнительного более детального изучения, сопоставления с результатами содержания IL-6 в периферической крови.

Objective. To develop technique immobilizing antibodies graphene surface of proteins that play a significant role in pathogenesis Alzheimer's disease.Materials and methods. Graphene films were obtained sublimation surface of SiC substrates. Presence graphene monolayer was confirmed spectroscopy spectra. Graphene surface quality was evaluated cyclic voltammetry. Functionalization by amino groups was carried out method based on sorption pyrene derivatives from a solution and phenylnitrogroups electrochemical method. Graphene was kept in solutions monoclonal antibodies to human beta-amyloid peptide 1–42. Preparations were also kept in solution secondary antibodies labeled with FITZ. Results were evaluated fluorescence microscopy. Additionally, samples were kept in solution antibody with peroxidase label, which was detected chemiluminescence.Results. For attachment specific antibodies surface of graphene, quality its surface is great importance. Optimal working concentration of antibodies of human beta-amyloid 1–42 in solution for subsequent manufacture biological sensors is 15 micrograms per 1 ml. Covalent crosslinking antibodies with glutaraldehyde with amino groups on graphene gives a slight gain in the level fluorescence compared with noncovalent sorption on graphene with nitro groups. Functionalization phenylnitrogroups is optimal for further work related to the identification specific antigens.Conclusions. The technique of immobilization on the graphene surface of specific antibodies to beta-amyloid in concentrations detected by fluorescence microscopy and chemiluminescence is investigated. Amount antibodies sufficient to create a biosensor is immobilized on graphene. It was found that functionalization of phenylnitrogroups allows creating optimal conditions for the attachment of antibodies to the graphene surface, as well as washing resulting antibody-antigenic complexes for further reuse of graphene biosensors.