The prevalence of GERD in most European countries and the Russian Federation is at the level of 15–20%. Hydrochloric acid plays a significant and sometimes major role in damage to the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in patients with various acid-related diseases. Despite the presence of various classes of drugs that reduce the damaging effect of hydro-chloric acid on the mucous membrane of the upper gastrointestinal tract, acid-related diseases continues to be an urgent medical problem. The review article discusses the issues of pharmacological treatment of acid-related diseases. Such classes of drugs as antacids, H2-histamine blockers, gastroprotectors, potassium-competitive blockers of hydrochloric acid secretion are described in detail. Particular attention is paid to the group of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The paper evaluates the merits of each class of drugs, their significance in the treatment of acid-related diseases. One of the most popular PPIs in the Russian Federation is omeprazole. The effectiveness of the drug is determined by pharmacokinetic parameters, in particular bioavailability. The bioavailability of omeprazole of various trade names varies widely. To increase the rate and completeness of dissolution, and hence the bioavailability of poorly soluble molecules in the modern pharmaceutical industry, various disintegrants are used as excipients. The addition of sodium superdisintegrant carboxymethyl starch to the new Omez® dosage form with MiniCaps technology promotes an accelerated and more complete intake of omeprazole into the systemic circulation, helping to increase bioavailability. In addition, the innovative dosage form has a volume that is 30% smaller than the classic capsule, which improves ease of use and adherence to treatment.

A limited number of large-scale studies have been conducted on vitamin D deficiency and deficit in the Russian Federation. Objective. To study the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and deficit in the population of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. In a cross-sectional study, the results of 2 208 922 studies, in which the concentration of 25(OH)D in the serum had been identified by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, were analyzed. Studies were performed in 2022—2023 in clinical diagnostic laboratories in all regions of the Russian Federation. Analyzed information included the sex and age of the subjects, the obtained result. Results. Vitamin D deficiency was identified in 29.61%, deficit — in 22.94%, pronounced deficit — in 3.92% of the subjects. Frequency of vitamin D deficiency and deficit was the same in men and women; reduced serum 25(OH)D concentration is more often identified during winter and spring. In children, the frequency of vitamin D deficiency and deficit increases with age, accounting for 20.83% in infancy, 35.15% in early childhood, 49.49% in preschool age, 63.21% in primary school age, 71.51% in high school age. Reduced serum 25(OH)D concentration is found in about one in two adults (young age — 54.01%, elderly age — 47.75%, middle age — 47.44%, senile age — 53.01%). Elevated serum 25(OH)D concentration is most commonly identified in infants (3.70%). Conclusion. Vitamin D deficiency and deficit are common among the population of the Russian Federation, especially in children of high school age and long-living persons. Reduced serum 25(OH)D concentration is more frequently identified in winter and spring. The presented data show the relevance of vitamin D prophylactic application.

BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiencies, including deficiencies of vitamins and microelements, are a major public health concern worldwide. They are highly prevalent, particularly in developing countries, and have significant health consequences, including anemia, impaired immune function, cognitive impairment, and growth retardation. Micronutrient deficiencies can also contribute to the development of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Micronutrient deficiencies can also contribute to the development of chronic diseases. AIM: To study the knowledge, interest and motivation of different population groups regarding vitamin and micronutrient intake. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The original questionnaire with 45 questions was completed by 344 respondents: 141 (41%) without medical education, 91 (25.4%) with higher medical education, 112 (32.6%) by students of medical unvesities. RESULTS: Only 100 (29.4%) respondents considered their nutrition balanced. 180 (52.3%) people did not consume vegetables and fruits on a daily basis, 82 (23.3%) respondents almost never consumed fish and seafood. Almost all respondents [335 (97.4%)] took some vitamin and mineral complex at least in one of the periods of their life, 284 (82.6%) — did it without a doctor’s prescription. Female respondents demonstrated a higher level of knowledge about the problem under study: 115 (41.9%) women and only 17 (24.2%) men had checked vitamin D levels (p = 0.006), while 187 (68.2%) women and only 33 (47.1%) men had taken vitamin D (p = 0.006). Those receiving/having higher medical education were more likely to take vitamin D (4.4 times), vitamin B6 (3.8 times), selenium (3 times), and zinc (2.8 times) than non-medical respondents. CONCLUSIONS: The nature of nutrition indicates potential risks of micronutrient imbalance in the respondents. Knowledge about the problem of micronutrient imbalances among the study participants is not systematized. Men and people without medical education have less knowledge on this topic and are less likely to take various micronutrients.

This review presents data on cataract phacoemulsification after glaucoma surgery. Surgical treatment options for complicated cataracts associated with primary open-angle glaucoma are presented, and the factors determining their selection are described. When analyzing glaucoma surgical treatment options, arguments are presented in favor of the most common procedure—non-penetrating deep sclerectomy. The authors provide a detailed analysis of the features of phacoemulsification after non-penetrating deep sclerectomy, including the use of femtosecond laser phacoemulsification. Considering the potential impact of the laser stage on the surgically created aqueous humor outflow pathways, various methods for objectively assessing the area of glaucoma surgery are presented. Keywords: glaucoma, cataract, hypotensive effect, staged surgery, non-penetrating deep sclerectomy, femtosecond accompaniment

Vitamin deficiency is a prevalent issue worldwide. Within the Russian Federation (RF), research on the population's vitamin status remains limited. Objective. To assess the approximate vitamin status of the population of the Russian Federation with respect to both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study analyzed the results of 1.490.207 tests for water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins in human blood (excluding vitamin D) conducted between 2022 and 2023 in INVITRO clinical diagnostic laboratories across the Russian Federation. The analysis included demographic information about the subjects, such as sex and age, as well as laboratory results. Results. A total of 3.699.129 assessments of patients' vitamin status were performed, comprising 2.208.922 (59.72%) for vitamin D; 74.884 (2.02%) for fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, K); and 1.415.323 (38.26%) for water-soluble vitamins. In 90% of the assessments, vitamin concentrations fell within the established reference ranges (RRs). Among the 12 vitamins analyzed, elevated concentrations were frequently detected in seven vitamins. The incidence of reduced vitamin concentrations was as follows: vitamin A — 5.29%, B1 — 3.11%, B2 — 2.52%, B6 — 3.04%, B9 — 7.58%, B12 — 4.4%, C — 0.24%, E — 2.31%, K1 and K2 (menaquinone-4) — 0%, K2 (menaquinone-7) — 0.35%, and PP — 0.79%. The frequency of increased vitamin concentrations was noted as follows: vitamin A — 8.05%, B1 — 6.61%, B2 — 22.51%, B6 — 2.47%, B9 — 0.98%, B12 — 7.54%, C — 7.91%, E — 8.85%, K1 — 0.02%, and both K2 forms (menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7) — 0%. Elevated and reduced vitamin concentrations in blood samples were more prevalent among children, the elderly, and centenarians, whereas they were less common among younger and middle-aged individuals. Conclusions. The observation of increased blood vitamin concentrations may correlate with empirical vitamin prescribing practices and baseline concentration assessments in ongoing treatment regimens. There is a pressing need for further epidemiological research to investigate hypo- and hypervitaminosis comprehensively and to reconsider reference ranges across age groups.