Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacterial cells and use their machinery to reproduce. This unique characteristic holds immense promise for combating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, a growing global threat. There are two types: one of them is named temperate phages, which inject their genomic material into bacteria and integrate into the host’s genome, while the second one is entitled as lytic phages that subdue the entire metabolism of the bacterium for the synthesis of its genome and proteins, including lytic proteins involved in breaking bacterial cell membrane and release of novel phages. In addition, phage therapy can be expressed through anti-biofilm activity and by triggering innate and adaptive immune cells responses. Moreover, no adverse effects of phage therapy have been reported. However, phage therapy is still grim for many and could influence some interpretations related to immune response, bacteriophage selections, and phage resistance in the future.

Malaria continues to be a major threat to global health, taking a significant toll on mortality rates. Although numerous strategies for combating malaria are actively evolving, none has successfully eradicated the disease. Vaccines against malaria present a reliable approach; licensed liver-stage vaccines have opened a new era in malaria control but because they are not fully effective, a complementary blood-stage vaccine is needed. This review explores the pivotal role of blood-stage vaccines as formidable weapons in the ongoing battle against malaria by elucidating their profound impact on malaria-linked morbidity and mortality. The immunological mechanisms through which blood-stage vaccines mediate significant reductions in disease burden and interrupt transmission dynamics are crucial in vaccine design. Thus, they have been examined in this review. In the context of blood-stage malaria, specific antigens are critical to the survival and replication of the parasite, playing essential roles in the invasion of erythrocytes. As a result, these antigens present highly promising vaccine candidates that can stop the invasion in various ways, such as the binding of sialic acid residues by EBA175 or the hydrolysing effect of MSP1. Polymorphism challenges hinder blood-stage vaccine development but enhancing current candidates and identifying novel erythrocytic antigens offer a promising path to a malaria-free world. This multifaceted approach aims to fortify the immune response against the Plasmodium parasite, thereby advancing global eradication efforts.Keywords: Malaria; Plasmodium,;Vaccine; Blood-stage