The occurrence of high concentrations of nitrate in various water resources is a significant environmental and human health threat, demanding effective removal technologies. Single atom alloys (SAAs) have emerged as a promising bimetallic material architecture in various thermocatalytic and electrocatalytic schemes including nitrate reduction reaction (NRR). This study suggests that there exists a stark contrast between thermocatalytic (T-NRR) and electrocatalytic (E-NRR) pathways that resulted in dramatic differences in SAA performances. Among Pd/Cu nanoalloys with varying Pd-Cu ratios from 1:100 to 100:1, Pd/Cu_(1:100) SAA exhibited the greatest activity (TOF_Pd = 2 min^-1) and highest N₂ selectivity (94%) for E-NRR, while the same SAA performed poorly for T-NRR as compared to other nanoalloy counterparts. DFT calculations demonstrate that the improved performance and N₂ selectivity of Pd/Cu_(1:100) in E-NRR compared to T-NRR originate from the higher stability of NO₃* in electrocatalysis and a lower N₂ formation barrier than NH due to localized pH effects and the ability to extract protons from water. This study establishes the performance and mechanistic differences of SAA and nanoalloys for T-NRR versus E-NRR.

During catalyst preparation, the simple wet impregnation of KOAc on bimetallic PdAu/SiO₂ catalysts forms various Pd-acetate complexes, particularly at increasing concentrations of KOAc and AcOH, causing Pd leaching and metal restructuring.