14 November 2017 in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
Objective: Cardiac pacemakers require regular medical follow-ups to ensure proper functioning. However, device replacements due to battery depletion are common and account for ~25% of all implantation procedures. Furthermore, conventional pacemakers require pacemaker leads which are prone to fractures, dislocations or isolation defects. The ensuing surgical -interventions increase risks for the patients and costs that need to be avoided. Methods: In this study, we present a method to harvest energy from endocardial heart motions. We developed a novel generator, which converts the heart's mechanical into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction. A mathematical model has been introduced to identify design parameters strongly related to the energy conversion efficiency of heart motions and fit the geometrical constraints for a miniaturized transcatheter deployable device. The implemented final design was tested on the bench and in-vivo. Results: The mathematical model proved an accurate method to estimate the harvested energy. For three previously recorded heart motions, the model predicted a mean output power of 14.5, 41.9 and 16.9 μW. During an animal experiment, the implanted device harvested a mean output power of 0.78 μW and 1.7 μW at a heart rate of 84 and 160 bpm, respectively. Conclusion: Harvesting kinetic energy from endocardial motions seems feasible. Implanted at an energetically favorable location, such systems might become a welcome alternative to extend the lifetime of cardiac implantable electronic device. Significance: The presented endocardial energy harvesting concept has the potential to turn pacemakers into battery- and leadless systems and thereby eliminate two major drawbacks of contemporary systems.