Magnetically driven catalytic antimicrobial robots eliminate biofilms precisely via a synergistic “kill-degrade-remove” mechanism.

Biofilms develop from bacteria bound on surfaces that grow into structured communities (microcolonies). Although surface topography is known to affect bacterial colonization, how multiple individual settlers develop into microcolonies simultaneously remains underexplored. Here, we use multiscale population-growth and 3D-morphometric analyses to assess the spatiotemporal development of hundreds of bacterial colonizers towards submillimeter-scale microcolony communities. Using an oral bacterium (Streptococcus mutans), we find that microbial cells settle on the surface randomly under sucrose-rich conditions, regardless of surface topography. However, only a subset of colonizers display clustering behavior and growth following a power law. These active colonizers expand three-dimensionally by amalgamating neighboring bacteria into densely populated microcolonies. Clustering and microcolony assembly are dependent on exopolysaccharides, while population growth dynamics and spatial structure are affected by cooperative or antagonistic microbes. Our work suggests that biofilm assembly resembles certain spatial-structural features of urbanization, where population growth and expansion can be influenced by type of settlers, neighboring cells, and further community merging and scaffolding occurring at various scales.