Significance. Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and an urgent medical and social issue, the frequency of which is influenced by various factors, including medical, social and genetic ones. Information on the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in Russia is scarce. Purpose: to analyze the dynamics in incidence and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, as well as spatial heterogeneity of this condition. Material and methods. Data from official statistical observation forms for 2019–2023 were analyzed and the number of patients with diabetic retinopathy in Russia in 2023 was simulated. Results. The incidence of diabetic retinopathy decreased from 14.4 to 9.9; while prevalence – from 299.5 to 274.3 per 100,000 population. The proportion of patients with diabetic retinopathy among patients with diabetes mellitus types I and II equaled to 8.72% in 2019; 8.37% in 2020; 8.46% in 2021; 7.84% in 2022; and 6.90% in 2023. Among newly diagnosed patients with diabetes mellitus, the proportion of patients with diabetic retinopathy added up to 5.34% in 2019; 5.6% in 2020; 4.64% in 2021; 3.95% in 2022; and 3.27% in 2023. 48.9% (2014) of newly diagnosed cases of diabetic retinopathy are registered in working-age people. Among all cases of diabetic retinopathy, adults accounted for 99.8% (400445 out of 401000 in 2023); and adults of working age accounted for 34.4% (136476 cases in 2023). A low proportion of patients with diabetic retinopathy among all patients with diabetes is noted in the northern regions, while a high proportion of diabetic retinopathy among newly diagnosed patients with diabetes was registered in the southern regions, suggesting a delayed detection of diabetes and its complications in some regions. Conclusion. Diabetic retinopathy is a relevant issue in Russia, since it occurs in working age, resulting in the loss of labor potential. There is a spatial heterogeneity of the proportion of diabetic retinopathy among patients with diabetes mellitus, due to both genetic characteristics of the population and differences in access to health care. Based on the extrapolation of the proportion of diabetic retinopathy among diabetes mellitus patients obtained from research by various authors, it is estimated that there are between 767,000 and 1.5 million cases of diabetic retinopathy in Russia (either diagnosed or not), and, additionally, between 48,000 and 62,500 new cases of diabetic retinopathy annually. Keywords: diabetes mellitus; diabetic retinopathy; epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy; spatial heterogeneity; incidence of diabetic retinopathy; prevalence of diabetic retinopathy

Significance. Osteoarthritis is a problem in terms of years of healthy life lost; due to its high prevalence, it is a major cause of disability and is also a leading reason for joint replacement. The purpose is to study the dynamics of the epidemic situation for osteoarthritis in the Russian Federation and to make a forecast of its development in the period after the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods. The data of the federal statistical observation forms for the period 2015-2024 were studied. Extensive (%) and intensive indicators (per 100,000 population), the probability of a statistical error of the first kind (p) were calculated, and methods of analyzing dynamic series were used. Results. There is an increase in the primary incidence of osteoarthritis from 546.9 in 2015 to 650.0 per 100,000 population in 2024 (by 18%), the overall incidence of osteoarthritis from 2979.7 to 3192.6 (by 7.2%). The proportion of actively identified patients with osteoarthritis increased from 4.5% to 10.9%. In the structure of primary incidence, adults of working age prevail (50.04%), and in the overall incidence - older than working age (59.80%). The total (average) primary incidence rates calculated for the period 2015-2024 were: for children aged 0-14 years: 8.9 per 100,000 children aged 0-14 years; For children aged 15–17 years: 45.2 per 100,000 children aged 15–17 years; For adults of working age – 505.2 per 100,000 adults of working age; For persons of older working age – 1100.0 per 100,000 persons of older working age. Regional characteristics of osteoarthritis include lower incidence of osteoarthritis in the southern regions, especially the North Caucasus, and higher incidence of osteoarthritis in the northern regions and Eastern Siberia. There is an increase in hospital incidence of osteoarthritis from 201.8 to 237.1 with a decrease in the average length of hospitalization from 12.1 to 9.3 days with an increase in hospital mortality from 0.01% to 0.03% (p<0.001). Conclusion. The dynamics of the epidemic situation on osteoarthritis may be a consequence of the growth of activity on early detection of osteoarthritis and joint arthroplasty. On the other hand, active surgical tactics are accompanied by an increase in hospital morbidity and mortality of patients with osteoarthritis, given that surgical intervention leads to a radical cure of osteoarthritis, which cannot be perceived as an unambiguous negative indicator of the activity of medical organizations. Scope: planning the activities of the healthcare system, including joint replacement. Keywords: osteoarthritis, epidemiology of osteoarthritis, hospital morbidity, hospital mortality

Neurofibromatosis is an orphan disease of the phakomatose group, the timely treatment of which helps to reduce the burden of pain and surgical interventions. Aim. To analyze the trend in the neurofibromatosis epidemic in children over the past decade in the context of timely diagnosis of the disease and early treatment initiation.Materials and methods. The authors have analyzed official statistical data (federal statistical observation form No.12) for 2015–2024 for Russia as a whole and by urban and rural population, as well as by constituent entity of the Russian Federation.Results. The prevalence of neurofibromatosis in 0–4 year children increased from 3.9 in 2016 to 7.1 per 100,000 children of the corresponding age in 2024; in children aged 5–9 years — from 5.3 to 9.4; and in children aged 10–14 years — from 11.7 to 18.2; The incidence in 0–14 years children aged increased from 7.8 in 2015 to 16.6 in 2024, and in children aged 15–17 years — from 5.8 to 12.1. There was an increase in the incidence rate in 0–14 year children – from 1.3 in 2015 to 1.8 in 2023. The incidence rate in adolescents changed statistically insignificantly, amounting to 0.8 per 100,000 children aged of 15–17 years in both 2015 and 2024. Only 3.5% of children are detected during preventive examinations. The incidence of neurofibromatosis in rural residents is significantly lower than in urban areas. The average 10-year prevalence rate of neurofibromatosis in children aged 0–17 years varies across regions from 0.3 to 27.2 per 100,000 population (the interquartile range equaled to 7.2); the incidence rate ranges from 0.0 to 5.1. The highest values ​​are associated with regions with an ethnic and genetic prevalence of the Finno-Ugric population.Conclusion. The increase in the incidence of neurofibromatosis is associated with underdiagnosis of this disease and low detection rates during preventive examinations. Given the availability of treatments that can reduce the burden of pain syndrome and surgical interventions, it is advisable to realize measures to identify patients with neurofibromatosis in organized children’s groups, for example, periodic surveys of schoolchildren for the neurofibromatosis symptoms, using online tools.Contribution: Vitkovskaya I.P. — concept and design of the study, writing the text; Sterlikov S.A. — statistical analysis, writing the text; Zelenova O.V. — management of scientific collaboration and coordination; Oskov Yu.I. — collection of statistical material and methodological consulting; Pankova Ya.Yu. — support for research planning, editing the text. All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Received: September 15, 2025Accepted: October 02, 2025Published: October 30, 2025

Цель: оценить динамику эпидемической ситуации по хронической ишемической болезни сердца (ХИБС) в контексте применения минимально инвазивных хирургических вмешательств. Материалы и методы: изучены и статистически обработаны сведения форм федерального статистического наблюдения Российской Федерации за 2015 - 2024 гг. Результаты: отмечается рост общей (с 3037,2 до 3517,4 на 100 000 населения) и первичной (с 268,8 до 308,7) заболеваемости ХИБСна 15,8 и 14,9%, соответственно. У лиц трудоспособного возраста при росте общей заболеваемости ХИБС, показатель первичной заболеваемости оставался без изменений. Вырос охват пациентов с ХИБС диспансерным наблюдением, в том числе лиц трудоспособного возраста ˗ до 77,4% (соответствует целевому значению 70%), а лиц старше трудоспособного возраста ˗ до 82,3% (ниже 90% целевого значения). Госпитальная заболеваемость снизилась с 591,8 до 573,1 на 100 000 населения при параллельном росте госпитальной летальности с 7,8 до 12,9%, а также доли больных, доставленных по экстренным показаниям (с 44,4 до 49,7%) и доли больных, доставленных скорой медицинской помощью с 28,2 до 32,1%. Смертность от ХИБС в 2015-2023 гг. снизилась с 193,2 до 143,9 на 100 000 населения. Заключение: несмотря на рост охвата пациентов ХИБС диспансеризацией, есть проблемы, связанные с особенностями трудового законодательства, которое предусматривает выделение дней для диспансеризации, но не для диспансерного наблюдения. Имеются проблемы госпитализации пациентов с ХИБС: растёт доля пациентов, госпитализированных по экстренным показаниям и доставленных скорой медицинской помощью, что сопровождается ростом госпитальной летальности. Внедрение минимально инвазивных вмешательств может позволить снизить летальность больных ХИБС, а также снизить продолжительность их госпитализации.

Introduction . One of the most important parameters characterizing population health, is the level of disease prevalence. Children’s health, and especially adolescents, determines the health of the nation in the short term, therefore, the issues of health preservation and improvement require the utmost attention. The purpose of the study is to analyze disease prevalence in girls aged 15–17 in the Russian Federation for the period from 2020 to 2024. Materials and methods . The study used data from the annual reporting forms of the federal statistical observation No. 12 “Information on the number of diseases registered in patients residing within the catchment area of a medical organization” and No. 30 “Information on medical organization” for the period from 2020 to 2024. Statistical and analytical methods were employed. Results . Over the past five years, the rate of disease prevalence in girls aged 15–17 has increased by 15.2%. This increase was due to a rise in prevalence across almost all classes of diseases. In 2024, the structure of disease prevalence was topped by respiratory diseases (37.3%), diseases of the eye and adnexa (11.0%), and diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (7.7%). Among individual nosologies, obesity prevalence increased by 16.5%, type 1 diabetes prevalence – by 24.2%, and type 2 diabetes – 1.5 times. Menstrual disorders lead the structure of gynecological diseases, accounting for 71%. The number of abortions tends to decrease (a 19.6% reduction). Conclusion . To achieve the goal of preserving and improving the health of girls aged 15–17 as the basis for future nation health, it is crucial to develop necessary interventions for disease treatment and follow-up of girls with chronic diseases, as well as to implement preventive measures, including utilizing modern clinical guidelines, adapting global best practices, and fostering a healthy lifestyle within families.