Introduction and objective: Since antiquity, C. babylonica (L.) L. extracts has been used as a remedy for primary health care in traditional medicine. In this study, a total of seven different crude extracts (acetone, chloroform, hexane, ethylacetate, methanol, ethanol and water) from...

Different extracts of Liquidambar orientalisleaves were tested for their antimicrobial activity against eleven bacterial and one yeast strain by disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity was measured by disc diffusion and MIC. After that among extracts the best antimicrobial activity was detected.Volatile components of the ethanolic extracts of leaves of sweetgum analysed by GC/MS.Ethanolic extracts of sweetgum leaves showed the best inhibition zones against Klebsiella pneumoniae (32mm). K.pneumoniae CCM 2318 showed the lowest sensitivity to 0.008 mg/mL concentration of ethanolic extracts. Ethanolic extracts of L. orientalis var. orientalis were showed the best antimicrobial activity MIC values of ethanolic extracts ranging from 0.008-64 mg.mL-1 to the tested bacteria. The GC/MS analyses allowed seven compounds to be determined; benzenepropanol (%49.30) and cinnamic acid (%35.89) were the main constituents of the of sweetgum leaves extract. All the extracts of L. orientalis leaves showed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity on the microorganisms tested. The antimicrobial activity was due to the presence the essential oils. Among the tested extracts the ethanolic extracts were the most active against the microorganisms tested compared to the reference antibiotics.

Objective: A retrospective analysis of the widely used antibiotics all susceptibility testing results from Escherichia coli cultured from clinical specimens private hospital from (January 2016 to November 2018) was performed. Methods: The VITEK 2 Compact automated microbiology system is designed for automated rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing and identification of clinically relevant bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results previously obtained in recent clinical isolates with well-defined in isolates with well-characterized resistance mechanisms with the microdilution method were re-interpreted for the susceptible, intermediate and resistant categories using the 2018 EUCAST breakpoints. Clinical samples are most commonly isolated from blood, sputum and urine samples. Results: Escherichia coli isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin, cefuroxime and cefixime 79,16%, 60,41% and 58,33% respectively. Resistance rate of ceftriaxon was showed in 52,08%. When we compared to resistance of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Escherichia coli isolates showed 51,04% resistance rate. When it comes to the most sensitive antibiotics, sensitivity rate of fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, and amikacin were 89,58%; 91,66%; 93,75%; 93,75%; 94,79%; 83,33%; 84,37% respectively. Conclusion: Considering the antibiogram, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin and amikacin should be preferred drugs for E. coli infection isolated from clinical samples.

To determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial potential of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) leaves extratcs obtained from Muğla, Turkey. The extract of ethanol, methanol, hexane, chloroform, isopropanol and water of marjoram were tested for antimicrobial activity against eleven bacterial strains and one yeast by disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of isopropanolic extract of marjoram leaves were determined using broth serial dilution method. The constitituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The Shapiro-Wilk of Normal Distribution Test, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney Tests were applied for statistical analysis in the study. All of the tested extracts, isopropanolic extracts of marjoram leaves showed the best inhibition zones against Klebsiella pneumoniae CCM 2318 (24 mm) and Candida albicans ATCC 10239 (28 mm), methanolic extracts against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538/P (26 mm). In our study, the results of the inhibition zones are varied 6 to 26 mm against tested bacteria. The results of Mann-Whitney Tests showed that isopropanolic extract is a significant different from chloroform, water and hexane extracts, statistically (Pisopropanolic-chloroform=0.003, Pisopropanolic-water=0.000, Pisopropanolic-hexane=0.000). Isopropanolic extracts of O.marjorana were among the most active with the MIC values ranging from 0.008-64 mg/mL. MICs of O.marjorana L. different extracts obtained by the broth serial dilution method. The GC/MS analyses allowed fifteen compounds to be determined; the main constituents of the of isopropanolic extract of marjoram leaves was carvacrol %86.33. Carvacrol, major constituent of the marjoram isopropanolic leaf extract in our study, had possible antimicrobial activity by testing commercial carvacrol. It has been observed that the extracts can be used in the food industry to inhibit the growth of pathogens or as natural preservatives in foods.

Et ve et ürünleri tüketicilerin çoğunlukla tercih ettiği, hayvansal orjinli protein kaynağıdır. Et tüketimi dünya çapında artış göstermektedir. Bu nedenle etlerin hazırlanması, tüketime sunulması ve uzun süre saklanabilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Et bozulması sonucunda dokunun rengi, tonu değişmekte, yapışkan hale gelmekte, kötü koku ve tat görülmektedir. Hayvan etlerinin bozulmasından sorumlu mikroorganizmalar arasında funguslardan Cladosporium, Sporotrichum, Geotrichum, Penicillium, Mucor, Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, bakterilerden ise Brochothrix, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Sarcina, Lactobacillus, Salmonella, Escherichia, Clostridium ve Bacillus’a ait türler sayılabilir. Bu mikroorganizmaların gelişimini önlemek için farklı yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Kullanılan yöntemler fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik olmak üzere üç bölüme ayrılabilir. Etleri korumada kullanılan tuzlama yöntemi eski çağlardan beri kullanılan bir kimyasal yöntemdir. Gıda katkı maddesi olarak kabul edilen diğer kimyasal maddeler de et koruması için kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemede etlerin korunmasında kullanılan kimyasal yöntemler anlatılmıştır.