Oxidative stress is known to be associated with epilepsy, and antiseizure medication treatment, albeit with limited consensus on the specific oxidative stress pathways/proteins involved. Identifying these can reveal novel therapeutic targets for epilepsy management. This study utilized network pharmacology to identify potential protein targets of carbamazepine and valproic-acid that are implicated in oxidative stress and epilepsy, thereby highlighting their therapeutic potential. Drug targets for carbamazepine and valproic-acid were predicted using SuperPred/SwissTargetPrediction, while genes associated with epilepsy and oxidative stress were obtained from DisGeNET and GeneCards. Common proteins were identified, and a protein–protein interaction network was constructed using STRING, followed by analysis via Cytoscape. Hub proteins identified were EGFR, GSK3B, and STAT3 for carbamazepine, and PTGS2, mTOR, and TLR4 for valproic-acid. Molecular docking revealed a strong binding affinity of carbamazepine to its targets (ΔG_bind > − 5 kcal/mol) and binding of valproic-acid to its targets (ΔG_bind > − 3 kcal/mol), with PTGS2 showing the strongest interaction with valproic-acid (− 5.06 kcal/mol). These findings underscore EGFR, GSK3B, and STAT3, for carbamazepine and PTGS2, mTOR, and TLR4 for valproic-acid as pivotal therapeutic targets in oxidative stress-associated epilepsy. These identified proteins can be targeted by add on antioxidants to alleviate oxidative stress generated by chronic antiseizure medication.

Regenerative medicine involves the use of stem cells to repair or replace damaged tissues. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of differentiating into specialized types depending upon their origin. The purpose of this book chapter is to introduce stem cells, their characteristic features, source of stem cells, and their culturing and cryopreservation procedures. The important breakthrough in this field was Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) and directed differentiation. IPSCs made it possible to use patient's cells for regenerative medicine and altogether preventing transplantation rejections. Stem cells have many applications in healthcare including tissue repair and regeneration, to generate disease models, drug testing and discovery and gene editing. Here in this chapter, the authors have discussed applications of stem cell therapy for treating Leukemia, autoimmune, eye diseases, skin disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and diabetic foot ulcers. The relevance of stem cells as disease models is becoming important as the use of animals in research is refrained and reduced. Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.