Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases of the genitourinary system. The prevalence of BPH increases in men with advancing age. While transurethral resection of the prostate gland entails complications such as retrograde ejaculation, urinary incontinence, hematuria, urethral strictures, bladder neck sclerosis, and other adverse events, it is necessary to apply minimally invasive surgical methods such as superselective embolization of the prostatic arteries (PAE), particularly Proximal Embolization First Then Distal Embolization (PErFecTED). The data from 1,015 BPH patients who underwent endovascular surgery demonstrate the benefits of PErFecTED treatment during 24 months after surgery. Both Quality of Life score and International Prostate Symptom Score were around three times better in the PErFecTED group and remained stable during the entire observation period. However, the technique needs to be improved due to the high risk of postembolization syndrome.

Aim. To evaluate the incidence of various viruses in prostate tissue in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa).Materials and methods. The study included 145 patients who were operated on for BPH (n = 79) or PCa (n = 66) in the period between 2019 and 2023. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed in the obtained samples of surgical material to determine the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6).Results. Mean age of patients was 68.2 years. Viruses in prostate tissue were found in 40.7 % of patients in the total cohort: in 35.4 % of patients with BPH and in 47.0 % of patients with PCa (p = 0.159). The most common virus detected in the total cohort of patients was EBV which was found in 18.6 % of patients: in 16.5 % of patients with BPH and in 21.2 % of patients with PCa (p = 0.464). The second most common was HHV-6 (9.0 % of patients of the total cohort: 19.7 % of patients with PCa and in 0 % with BPH, p 0.001), and the third was CMV (7.6 % of patients: 2.5 % of patients with BPH and 13.6 % of patients with PCa, p = 0.027). When combining all HPV types, the prevalence of HPV was 10.3 %, but individual subtypes were found in isolated cases and their incidence in the total cohort did not exceed 2.1 %. The incidence of HPV (all types) was 16.5 % in patients with BPH and 3.0 % in patients with PCa (p = 0.018).Conclusion. In patients with prostate diseases, almost half of the cases have viral infection localized in the prostate tissue. CMV and HHV-6 are the most common in patients with PCa. The latter was not found in patients with BPH. EBV is equally represented among patients with BPH and PCa.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases in men. Viral infections can be risk factors for prostate carcinogenesis. Based on the literature review, an assumption can be made about the pathogenetic role of viral infections in prostate carcinogenesis. Further study of this problem is required, the solution of which can make a great contribution to the diagnosis and prevention of prostate cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small epithelial, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Papillomaviridae family. HPV infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, and certain types of HPV are known to be carcinogenic to humans. According to the scientific literature, there is reliable information about the role of highly oncogenic HPV types in the development of cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancer.Currently, a relevant and promising research area is the study of the role of HPV infection in prostate cancer (PC) and bladder cancer (BC), but scientific data on the potential pathogenetic relationship between these phenomena remain contradictory. An in-depth study of the question how herpes and human papillomavirus affect the origin of malignant tumors of the prostate and bladder, as well as the course of these diseases, and the prognosis of their development can become a source of information for development of new approaches to their diagnosis, prevention, and monitoring of morbidity. This literature review analyzes the results of modern studies on the role of oncogenic HPV types in the carcinogenesis of PC and BC.

Introduction. Chronic infections and inflammatory diseases contribute to the development of malignancies. An association between chronic inflammation and prostate cancer has recently been hypothesized, as inflammatory infiltrates are detected in patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, with chronic inflammation in the latter nearly doubling the risk of prostate cancer. Viral infections may contribute to chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis, but data on prostatic hyperplasia are inconsistent. We aimed to identify the features of inflammatory response in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer with and without viral infection. Materials and methods. The study included biopsies and surgical specimens from 145 patients operated on benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. We performed microscopic and real-time polymerase chain reaction examination for human papillomaviruses, human simplex herpesviruses 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpesvirus 6. Based on the results of polymerase chain reaction examination, patients were divided into 4 subgroups: benign prostatic hyperplasia with and without a viral infection and prostate cancer with and without viral infection. Fifteen samples from each subgroup were stained with hematoxylin and eosin using the standardized histologic classification and then analyzed to evaluate inflammation response. Results. In viral infection, the prostate was characterized by a periglandular pattern of inflammatory infiltration, multifocal prevalence of infiltration, and moderate-to-severe inflammation intensity. In contrast, patients without viral infection showed a weaker focal stromal inflammatory infiltration. Conclusion. Viral infection in prostate tissue in both benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer leads to a greater prevalence and intensity of inflammatory infiltration centered around the glandular component of the prostate, which may indicate differences in pathogenesis of these diseases and be important for diagnosis and therapy. Keywords: benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, viral infection, inflammation

Оценка влияния вирусной инфекции на состояние местного иммунитета при доброкачественных и злокачественных опухолях предстательной железы