Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that predominantly affects areas rich in sebaceous glands, including the scalp, face, and upper trunk. Although not life-threatening, it significantly impacts quality of life due to persistent erythema, pruritus, and visible scaling. Its etiology is multifactorial, involving complex interactions among sebaceous gland activity, Malassezia yeast proliferation, immune dysregulation, genetic susceptibility, and external triggers such as stress and climate changes. These factors create a permissive environment for inflammation, leading to recurrent flare-ups and chronic disease patterns. Clinically, seborrheic dermatitis presents with greasy scales, erythematous patches, and variable pruritus, with manifestations ranging from mild dandruff to severe, widespread involvement. Differential diagnosis is essential, especially in distinguishing the condition from psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and infectious dermatoses. Diagnosis is primarily clinical but may be aided by dermoscopy or laboratory testing in atypical cases. Treatment includes topical antifungals, corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, keratolytic agents, and specific medicated shampoos. Systemic therapies may be required for refractory cases, while maintenance regimens are crucial to reduce relapse frequency. Emerging research highlights the importance of the cutaneous microbiome and genetic factors, suggesting future opportunities for personalized therapeutic approaches. Comprehensive patient education and long-term management strategies remain essential components of effective care.