Asphalt deposits are distributed in many areas on earth and released natural asphalt of various chemical composition. Rheological properties of natural asphalt are usually improved by the addition of synthetic additives to convert it into a useful material for various industrial applications. In this work, the chemical composition of natural asphalt obtained from Al-Qayyarah/Iraq was analysed to detect its alluvial system using column chromatography and infrared spectrophotometer. Moreover, Natural asphalt was then treated by the addition of food waste product particularly eggshell powder (ESP) and commercially available low density polyethylene (LDP) in different ratios. The asphalt was separated into four main parts using column chromatography in a manner called SARA. The relative amounts of the paraffin compounds (28.58%), aromatic (29.34%), resins (19.88%) and asphalt (20.04%) determined the quality of asphalt system. The study showed that the aromatic and resin parts ratio were higher than the asphaltene part added to the negative value of penetration index. The results indicated that natural asphalt has a colloidal system of SOL type and its rheological properties were improved by the addition of both additives (ESP and LDP). This was confirmed by the application of various thermal and physical tests (softening, penetration, ductility, viscosity and water absorption tests).

Some heavy metals can be harmful to human health in elevated doses such as zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg), while others such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and copper (Cu) have harmful consequences to health even in small doses. Heavy metals and additives are incorporated into crude oil to enhance performance.^3,4,5  Crude oil is well known to contain heavy metals like Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb.^3,6,7  The current study aimed to assess levels of heavy metals and the impact of these metals on antioxidant levels and physiological variables in the serum of oil refinery workers in Iraq. Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu and Mg were assessed in the serum of a sample of refinery workers (N=40) and a control group (N=20) using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Additionally, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), δ-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and physiological variables such as blood urea, serum creatinine, glutamate-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured to assess impact of these heavy metals. Mercury, Cd, and Pb were significantly elevated in the refinery worker group in comparison with the control group, while the levels of Zn, Cu, and Mg were significantly lower in the refinery worker group compared to the control group. There was a significant difference between the control group and the worker group for most of the antioxidants and functional variables. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in the worker group while blood urea, serum creatinine, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) showed a significant elevation in the workers' group. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) showed no significant difference between the control group and the worker group. Refinery workers are at increased risk of having higher serum levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg compared to controls which can lead to an increase in oxidative stress, decrease in TAC, and decrease in the essential trace elements Zn, Cu and Mg. Obtained This study was approved by the ethics committee within the Nineveh Health Department, Mosul, Iraq. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

A sensitive spectrophotometric method was used for the determination of Dopamine (DM) in a basic medium via its oxidative coupling by Mesalazine (MES), which was exploited as a reagent and Na2S2O8 as an oxidizing agent, the measurement was at a wavelength of 522 nm. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of dopamine (DM) in the pharmaceutical preparation (ampules). It was valid within a concentration range of 2.7 31.25 -1 and the linear regression was R2 = 0.9977. The important analytical parameter include: molar absorptivity (0.45x104 l.mol1.cm-1), the Sandell's sensitivity index (0.03343 µg/cm2), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were (0.37 and 1.23 µg.ml-1), respectively. It also succeeded in giving acceptable ttest values.

Heating of natural asphalt at high temperatures for a long time lead to oxidation of the asphalt , which starting on the surface while with continuous mixing and heating leads to oxidation to all the asphalt molecules and the texture of oxidized asphalt becomes a solid , glossy, dark black of color. The rheological properties before and after oxidation were studied , the results showed that increase of oxidation time , Lead to reduce the degree of penetration(increased stiffness) and an increment in the softening degree, also the oxidation processes load to increase in the fractional Asphaltene compared with that of maltene parts, Which have been separated and estimated by using manual column liquid –solid chromatography and extraction in parallel with a solvent and precipitant the Asphaltene index IA and Gastl index IC were also calculated, the spectra of FT-IR , U.V- visible and HNMR showed a change in the physical properties of oxidated since there was Chemo - Physical relationship between a chemical content and Rheological properties of the oxidized asphalt .

A simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate, precise, and cost-effective spectrophotometric method has been developed to estimate dopamine in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms based on the redox reaction of dopamine in an acid medium with Yttrium(III) ion as an oxidizing agent. The latter suffers reduction to Yttrium(II) ion and reacted with 1,10-phenanthroline to form a colored product peaking at 510 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5-10 μg mL⁻¹ with a molar absorptivity of 1.16x10⁴ L mole⁻¹ cm⁻¹, Sandall's sensitivity of 0.0131 μg.cm^-2 ,the recovery rate of dopamine in pharmaceutical dosage was in the range of 98.97 to 101.57%. The effects of variables such as oxidizing agent, reagent concentration, time of oxidation reaction, surfactant, formation constant of the complex, have been investigated to optimize the procedure. The results have been validated analytically and statistically. The proposed method has been successfully applied to estimate dopamine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Sulfamethoxazole is one of the important pharmaceutical preparations for which researchers have been trying to find sensitive and applicable spectroscopic methods for its estimation. The estimation methods were divided into five types: the standard method, which relied on the use of the protocol followed in the US pharmacopeia (USP), in addition to Titrimetic methods, spectroscopic methods, and voltammetry methods, the last of which used high-performance chromatography (HPLC) technology. The aim of this study is The process of counting the various spectroscopic methods used in estimating the pharmaceutical preparation sulfamethoxazole for the purpose of facilitating the research process for researchers.