Cu ₂ O thin films were electrodeposited from a Cu(II) acetate solution containing 0.02 M Copper(II) acetate (Cu(OAc) ₂ ) and 0.1 M sodium acetate (NaOAc) at pH 5.6, using three different working conductive electrodes with approximately the same square resistance -indium doped tin oxide glass (ITO/Glass), fluorine-doped tin oxide glass (FTO/Glass), and indium doped tin oxide polyethylene terephthalate (ITO/PET)—under identical conditions using a common growth condition. The Cu ₂ O thin films were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), current density versus growth time for Cu ₂ O films, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the choice of substrate materials has a crucial role in controlling Cu ₂ O growth. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) of FTO/Glass-Cu ₂ O exhibits the lowest value; this means that FTO/Glass-Cu ₂ O possess the highest electron transfer efficiency. All Cu ₂ O films showed n-type semiconductor characteristic with charge carrier densities varying between 1.4 × 10 ¹⁸ –1.2 × 10 ¹⁹ cm ⁻³ .

Here we investigate the stability of poly(3,4-(2,2-dimethylpropylenedioxy)thiophene) (PProDot-Me₂) films via cycling 10 000 times in 0.1 M LiClO₄/propylene carbonate (PC). And we find the morphology changed from a loose irregular network to compact structure with fibres covered by [ClO₄]⁻ and Li⁺ because of chemisorption and physisorption during cycling, the adsorbed ions decreased electroactive sites and blocked ion migration channels.

We describe new method for preparing DNA nanospheres for a self-assembled atenolol@DNA (core/shell) drug delivery system. In this paper, we propose the electrochemical transformation of an alkaline polyelectrolyte solution of DNA into DNA nanospheres. We successfully electrosynthesized DNA nanospheres that were stable for at least 2 months at 4 °C. UV–visible spectra of the prepared nanospheres revealed a peak ranging from 372 to 392 nm depending on the DNA concentration and from 361 to 398.3 nm depending on the electrospherization time. This result, confirmed with size distribution curves worked out from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, showed that increasing electrospherization time (6, 12 and 24 h) induces an increase in the average size of DNA nanospheres (48, 65.5 and 117 nm, respectively). In addition, the average size of DNA nanospheres becomes larger (37.8, 48 and 76.5 nm) with increasing DNA concentration (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 wt%, respectively). Also, the affinity of DNA chains for the surrounding solvent molecules changed from favorable to bad with concomitant extreme reduction in the zeta potential from −31 mV to −17 mV. Principally, the attractive and hydrophobic interactions tend to compact the DNA chain into a globule, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and TEM. To advance possible applications, we successfully electro self-assembled an atenolol@DNA drug delivery system. Our findings showed that electrospherization as a cost–benefit technique could be effectively employed for sustained drug release. This delivery system achieved a high entrapment efficiency of 68.03 ± 2.7% and a moderate drug-loading efficiency of 3.73%. The FTIR spectra verified the absence of any chemical interaction between the drug and the DNA during the electrospherization process. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated noteworthy lessening in atenolol crystallinity. The present findings could aid the effectiveness of electrospherized DNA for use in various other pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.