The aim of this study is to investigate how two different polishing techniques affect the color stability, surface roughness, and changes in surface morphology of aged and coffee-stained bulk-fill resin composites. A total of 112 disc-shaped samples were prepared using Omnichroma Flow Bulk (OB), Charisma Bulk Flow One (CB), Estelite Bulk Fill Flow (EB), and Estelite Sigma Quick (control). Samples were divided into two subgroups (n = 16) and aged using thermocycling. A profilometer was used to measure the surface roughness (R_a) and a spectrophotometer was used for color stability (ΔE₀₀). The EB group had the highest Ra values both before aging (disc: 0.23 ± 0.05, twist: 0.42 ± 0.05) and after aging (discs: 0.28 ± 0.04, twist: 0.46 ± 0.05). The OB group had the highest ΔE₀₀ values before and after aging (discs: 3.06 ± 0.54, twist 3.05 ± 0.41) and the highest after coffee-staining (discs: 3.75 ± 0.70, twist: 3.91 ± 0.57). Re-polishing reduced the ΔE₀₀ values in all materials but did not restore all to clinically acceptable levels. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the surface roughness and color stability of resin composites are notably influenced by the polishing technique, aging process, and coffee staining. Specimens that were polished using the multi-stage Super-Snap discs consistently exhibited smoother surfaces across all bulk-fill resin composites compared to those polished with the two-stage Diacomp plus Twist.

Surface roughness (Ra) in restorative dentistry is a critical determinant affecting plaque accumulation, gingival health, and color stability. Ra values exceeding the 0.2 µm threshold significantly increase bacterial adhesion and secondary caries risk. This narrative review aims to classify contemporary dental polishing systems, elucidate their abrasive mechanisms, and evaluate their clinical efficacy across different restorative materials in light of current literature. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for articles published primarily between 2002 and 2024. Keywords including 'dental polishing', 'surface roughness', 'resin composites', and 'bacterial adhesion' were utilized to identify relevant in vitro and clinical studies. Following the literature analysis, it was observed that polishing systems vary by abrasive composition (aluminum oxide, diamond, silicon carbide) and application protocols. Furthermore, the review emphasizes that while one-step diamond-impregnated systems offer clinical time efficiency, multi-step protocols following sequential grit reduction remain the "gold standard" for eliminating microscopic irregularities. Achieving a smooth restoration surface is not merely an esthetic enhancement but a biological necessity for long-term success. No universal polishing system is suitable for all materials; therefore, clinicians must adopt material-specific protocols. Finishing and polishing constitute the "final signature" of the restorative procedure, essential for preserving periodontal health and ensuring esthetic stability.