Melasma is a commonly occurring pigmented skin condition that can significantly affect one’s appearance, described as symmetric hyperpigmentation that presents as irregular brown to gray-brown macules on various facial areas, such as the cheeks, forehead, nasal bridge, and upper lip, along with the mandible and upper arms. Due to its complex pathogenesis and recurrent nature, melasma management is challenging and the outcomes following treatment are not always deemed satisfactory. Solely treating hyperpigmentation may prove ineffective unless paired with regenerative techniques and photoprotection, since one of the main reasons for recurrence is sun exposure. Hence, the treatment protocol starts with addressing risk factors, implementing stringent UV protection, and then treatment using different strategies, like applying topical treatments, employing chemical peels, laser and light therapies, microneedling, and systemic therapy. This review aims to provide a summary of the effectiveness and safety of the frequently employed laser and light therapies for treating melasma, focusing on laser therapy as a treatment for melasma.

Artificial intelligence (AI), especially large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, has disrupted different medical disciplines, including dermatology. This review explores the application of ChatGPT in dermatological diagnosis, emphasizing its role in natural language processing (NLP) for clinical data interpretation, differential diagnosis assistance, and patient communication enhancement. ChatGPT can enhance a diagnostic workflow when paired with image analysis tools, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), by merging text and image data. While it boasts great capabilities, it still faces some issues, such as its inability to perform any direct image analyses and the risk of inaccurate suggestions. Ethical considerations, including patient data privacy and the responsibilities of the clinician, are discussed. Future perspectives include an integrated multimodal model and AI-assisted framework for diagnosis, which shall improve dermatology practice.

Back grounds and objective: Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are common benign tumors of infancy. Most IH either involute spontaneously or respond to treatment with systemic Beta‐ blockers, but unfortunately not in all cases. In poor responses or in cases of contra indications for pharmacological treatment, laser treatment poses a very good solution.Methods: As a search strategy and study selection we searched the MEDLINE database via PubMed starting 1982 to June 2022 using a key terms related to interventions for IH (e.g., infantile hemangioma, laser, Beta blockers).Results: In this article, we reviewed the published data regarding the use of energy‐based devices in treatment of children with IH, and noted our experience over the course of treating dozens of cases over the years.Conclusion: There are many laser systems used for the treatment of hemangioma and vascular tumors. These laser systems are of different wavelengths and penetration depths, however, they operate by similar mechanisms and in some cases two or more lasers can be applied during the course of treating these lesions.

Background: Viral warts are common infectious skin disease induced by human papillomavirus (HPV). Lasers have been used for warts treatment in recent years with variable success rates.Objective: This study aimed to prospectively evaluate combined treatment with Er:YAG laser and long‐pulsed Nd:YAG laser compared to Er:YAG laser for the treatment of recalcitrant warts after one session.Materials and Methods: This study included 240 lesions from 24 patients. All the lesions were diagnosed clinically as recalcitrant warts after failure of topical treatment and cryotherapy. About 120 lesions underwent a combined therapy of Er:YAG and long‐pulsed (LP) Nd:YAG lasers, and the remaining 120 lesions underwent Er:YAG laser therapy only. The clearance rate was evaluated 5 weeks after and classified by three‐graded evaluation: complete response, partial response and poor response.Results: The clearance rate in the combined Er:YAG + LP Nd:YAG lasers group was, statistically significant, higher than that of the Er:YAG laser group (p = 0.008). The complete response rate was 48% (58 of 120 warts) for the Er:YAG +LP Nd:YAG lasers group and only 29% (35 of 120 warts) for the Er:YAG laser group.Conclusion: The combination of Er:YAG and long‐pulsed Nd:YAG lasers is more effective than Er:YAG laser alone in treating recalcitrant warts after single session.

Onychomycosis is a highly prevalent and persistent nail disorder primarily caused by dermatophytes. The effectiveness of current topical and systemic antifungals is limited by the extent and severity of the infection, patient demographics and health status, hepatic toxicity, drug interactions and low compliance. Laser therapy is a promising modality for safe and cost‐effective removal of mycotic nail. This prospective study assessed the performance of a multi‐series long‐pulsed Nd:YAG 1064 nm regimen (30–40 J/cm², 1 Hz) in the treatment of 213 mycotic nails in 31 patients. Pain and discomfort were scored at each treatment session and mycological and clinical cure rates were determined 3 months after the last treatment session. Patients presented with mostly severe (mean SCIO score: 21.9 ± 8.9), T. rubrum‐positive (87.1%) infections. Most (61%) had a family history of onychomycosis and a significant proportion had comorbidities, including hypertension (38.7%), hyperlipidemia (35.5%) and/or diabetes (12.9%). Treatment was well tolerated and there were no reports of nail deformity or burns. By 3 months post‐treatment, mycological cure was achieved by 4 (12.9%) and visual improvements were noted for 10 (32.3%) patients, including 3 (9.7%) with moderate to significant improvements. Clinical response correlated with baseline SCIO ≤ 20 (OR: 0.9 [0.13–6.52]), family history of onychomycosis (OR: 0.27 [0.04–1.50]) and comorbidities (OR: 0.44 [0.05–3.74]). In conclusion, Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser is safe and effective for the management of mild‐to‐moderate onychomycosis in diverse populations. Further studies will be necessary to adjust treatment parameters to patient and nail profiles and to determine the impact of combined laser and topical therapies.

Pigmentation disorders are conditions that affect the color of a person’s skin