Benzimidazoles have shown significant promise for repurposing as a cancer therapy. The aims of this review are to investigate the possibilities and limitations of the anti-cancer effects of benzimidazole anthelmintics and to suggest ways to overcome these limitations. This review included studies on the anti-cancer effects of 11 benzimidazoles. Largely divided into three parts, i.e., preclinical anti-cancer effects, clinical anti-cancer effects, and pharmacokinetic properties, we examine the characteristics of each benzimidazole and attempt to elucidate its key properties. Although many studies have demonstrated the anti-cancer effects of benzimidazoles, there is limited evidence regarding their effects in clinical settings. This might be because the clinical trials conducted using benzimidazoles failed to restrict their participants with specific criteria including cancer entities, cancer stages, and genetic characteristics of the participants. In addition, these drugs have limitations including low bioavailability, which results in insufficient plasma concentration levels. Additional studies on whole anti-cancer pathways and development strategies, including formulations, could result significant enhancements of the anti-cancer effects of benzimidazoles in clinical situations.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the status of politeness features used in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) textbooks. The researchers examined 56 business e-mail requests in seven textbooks focusing on the level of directness, internal modifications, external modifications, and request perspectives. The findings of this study are as below: (1) Three textbooks showed extremely high level of directness. (2) In all textbooks, the requests were insufficiently modified with lexical/phrasal downgraders. Moreover, three textbooks showed relatively high percentages of upgraders. (3) Two supportive moves preferred by Americans were not found, whereas two textbooks showed relatively high percentages of aggravating moves. (4) The Impersonal perspective, the most polite perspective, was shown least frequently. (5) One textbook, written by an author who had not experienced studying abroad, showed significant shortcomings in all four politeness features. In conclusion, this suggests that when textbooks are developed including those elements for their requests, it might be necessary that explanation for negative effects of them should be included to prevent their learners from any pragmatic failures.