The human endometrium is a unique tissue undergoing important changes through the menstrual cycle. Under the exposure of different risk factors in a woman’s lifetime, normal endometrial tissue can give rise to multiple pathologic conditions, including endometriosis and endometrial cancer. Etiology and pathophysiologic changes behind such conditions remain largely unclear. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the pathophysiology of endometriosis and its potential role in the development of endometrial cancer from a molecular perspective. A better understanding of the molecular basis of endometriosis and its role in the development of endometrial pathology will improve the approach to clinical management.

Introduction: Sexual dysfunction associated with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is common and validated questionnaires for assessment are recommended. Aim: To develop and validate the Kazakh-translated version of the female sexual function index (Kz-FSFI). Methods: Kz-FSFI was translated from the original version for validation, and its precision was ascertained through reverse translation by an expert team. 35 sexually active females participated in an evaluation of the test-retest reliability of the Kazakh version over a two-week period. In the next stage, 110 healthy women and 40 patients with POP aged 18-55 years were enrolled in the study. The validity, internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability of the questionnaires were assessed. Results: The cross-cultural adaptation of Kz-FSFI achieved good semantic, conceptual, idiomatic and content equivalence. The test-retest reliability was shown to be high in all of the cases (p<0.001). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for total and domain scores were sufficiently high (range 0.85-0.94) for the total sample. The discriminant validity showed statistically significant differences between patients with POP-associated sexual dysfunctions and the control group. Conclusions: Kz-FSFI questionnaire is a valuable tool for screening women with sexual dysfunction. As this questionnaire had validity in the Kazakhstan survey, it could be used for medical counselling and future investigation in our country.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the use of unilateral apical sling versus laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy in the treatment of the apical form of pelvic organ prolapse in women. Material and methods: A prospective, single-center randomized trial included 100 patients who were alternately assigned to treatment. Each patient had a ≥ III stage of apical or anterior-apical prolapse determined by the POP-Q system. 45 accepted for unilateral apical sling (UAS) and 55 accepted for laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LS). Data were compared by the One-way ANOVA test using IBM SPSS stats 19. Results: Mean operating time was significantly greater in the LS group versus UAS group, 194.6 vs 42.4 minutes, respectively (p < 0.05). The amount of intraoperative bleeding was significantly higher in the UAS group, compared to the LS group (p = 0.01). Within the follow-up period, 2 patients in UAS group and 3 patients in LS group (4.4% vs 5.4%, respectively; p = 0.9) had recurrent cystocoele. HRQoL and sexual outcomes did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the non-superiority one on each other of the two different approaches, except in terms of shorter operating time and higher intraoperative bleeding when UAS used. These findings raise questions about the need for long-term results of quality of life outcomes for women with genital prolapse, especially in resource-limited settings similar to Kazakhstan. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the use of unilateral apical sling versus laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy in the treatment of the apical form of pelvic organ prolapse in women. Material and methods: A prospective, single-center randomized trial included 100 patients who were alternately assigned to treatment. Each patient had a ≥ III stage of apical or anterior-apical prolapse determined by the POP-Q system. 45 accepted for unilateral apical sling (UAS) and 55 accepted for laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LS). Data were compared by the One-way ANOVA test using IBM SPSS stats 19. Results: Mean operating time was significantly greater in the LS group versus UAS group, 194.6 vs 42.4 minutes, respectively (p < 0.05). The amount of intraoperative bleeding was significantly higher in the UAS group, compared to the LS group (p = 0.01). Within the follow-up period, 2 patients in UAS group and 3 patients in LS group (4.4% vs 5.4%, respectively; p = 0.9) had recurrent cystocoele. HRQoL and sexual outcomes did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the non-superiority one on each other of the two different approaches, except in terms of shorter operating time and higher intraoperative bleeding when UAS used. These findings raise questions about the need for long-term results of quality of life outcomes for women with genital prolapse, especially in resource-limited settings similar to Kazakhstan.

Symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has been increasing in recent years for both developed and developing countries. By 2050, as the adult population grows, the number of women with symptomatic POP will increase by 46%. Due to the increasing number of complications after surgery among women with POP, the current understanding of treatment has become extremely important for researchers and practitioners. There are many novel conservative and surgical treatment approaches under investigation. However, some primary surgical treatments show an approximate 30–50% risk of repeated pelvic floor reconstruction. Therefore, the review aims to summarize several conservative treatment options and identify critical areas of need for future research.