Aluminum-based hybrid composites are used in various engineering applications due to their unique properties, such as high strength, good wear resistance, excellent corrosion resistance, and low density. Aluminum metal matrix (AMMC) composites reinforced with ceramic particles can be more difficult to machine than traditional aluminum alloys because of their increased hardness and abrasiveness. Wire electric discharge machining is a non-traditional machining process that uses a thin metal wire, typically made of molybdenum, brass or tungsten to cut through a workpiece using electrical discharge sparks. This process is useful for precision machining of complex shapes and profiles in hard or difficult to machine materials. WEDM is a commonly used process for cutting Al-SiC-ZrO ₂ HAMMCs due to their hardness and difficulty in machining using conventional techniques. The present study examines the relationship between machining parameters like pulse on time (T _ON ), pulse off time (T _OFF ), peak current (I _P ) and wire feed (WF) and material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness ( R _a ) for Al-SiC-ZrO ₂ in WEDM. The Box-Beckham Design was used to plan the experiments, and response surface method was employed to develop the models. The pulse duration, T _OFF , I _P , and quadratic terms of T O F F 2 and I P 2 are the most influential factors of the MRR. The T _ON , I _P and interaction term (T _ON × I _P ), and I P 2 were the most significant factors for R _a . Multi-response optimization of process parameters was obtained using the desirability function approach. Furthermore, the machined samples were analyzed for surface integrity using SEM techniques. The prediction from this model validated the confirmation results.

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative ocular disease characterized by an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting from impaired aqueous humor outflow, leading to optic nerve damage and potential vision loss. Acetazolamide (ACZ), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, is a clinically established diuretic in glaucoma management. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) categorizes drugs by their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability. ACZ, a BCS Class IV drug, exhibits both poor solubility and poor permeability, typically resulting in low oral bioavailability. This investigation focused on developing an ACZ‐loaded nanoemulsion (ACZ‐NE) utilizing biodegradable oily polymer poly(δ‐decalactone) (PDL) to enhance the drug’s solubility, permeability, and therapeutic efficacy. The formulation was optimized via Box–Behnken design and prepared using the nanoprecipitation method. The resultant nanoemulsions (NEs) exhibited favorable ophthalmic characteristics, including a mean droplet size of 238.5 nm, with a narrow polydispersity index, i.e., 0.107, and negative zeta potential (‐−11.9 mV). In vitro release studies demonstrated sustained drug release for up to 14 h, prolonging the therapeutic impact and reducing the need for frequent administration. Ex vivo corneal permeation was significantly enhanced in ACZ‐NE compared to an aqueous drug suspension, indicating enhanced transcorneal permeation ability of NE. In addition, the NE demonstrated ocular safety in the Draize test and effectively reduced IOP for up to 12 h in experimental rabbits. In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation from the ocular route revealed a prolonged half‐life (1.92 h), increased C _max (0.083 μg/mL), and AUC ₀ −∞ (1360.32 μg·h/mL) relative to the marketed formulation. Histopathological examination confirmed improved ocular tissue integrity following treatment with the developed NE. These findings collectively suggest that the PDL‐based ACZ‐NE not only offers a promising strategy for sustained ocular drug delivery but also has the potential to mitigate the systemic adverse effects associated with conventional oral therapy of ACZ tablets, thereby instilling confidence in its potential to improve patient outcomes.

Wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) is an unconventional machining method employed in the manufacturing sector to precisely cut intricate forms and contours in materials such as the Al-SiC-ZrO₂ hybrid nanocomposite, which is notoriously challenging to machine. This investigation focused on the effect of WEDM parameters specifically pulse-on-time ( T_ON), pulse-off-time ( T_OFF), peak current ( I_P), and wire feed ( W_F) on dimensional deviation (DD) while machining the Al-SiC-ZrO₂ hybrid nanocomposite material. The Box–Behnken design, a statistical experimental design technique, was used for experimentation. Response surface methodology investigated the relationship between the input and output variables. The results indicated that the most significant factors affecting DD were T_ON, T_OFF, and I_P. The desirability function approach was employed to determine the optimal values of the WEDM parameters that significantly impacted DD. Confirmation experiments were then conducted under the optimal conditions to validate the predicted model. The results obtained from the confirmation experiments under optimal conditions agreed well with the predicted results.