Obesity has become a significant problem for developing countries, including Indonesia. High duration of sedentary activity and high intake of unhealthy foods were associated with high risk of overweight and obesity. The objective of this study was to compare the distributions of sedentary activity and dietary behavior with overweight/obesity risks between urban and rural areas among children and adolescents aged 10–18 years in Indonesia. This is a cross-sectional study. Data from a national survey in 33 Indonesian provinces (Basic Health Research /Riskesdas 2013) were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) adjusted with all variables, such as age, gender, residency, education level, physical activity, and food intake. An urban–rural residence difference was found in the factors related to obesity. Daily caffeinated soft drinks and energy drinks consumption (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01–1.23) were related to risk of overweight and obesity in urban areas. Daily grilled foods (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.22–1.42) and salty food (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.15) consumption were significantly associated with obesity in rural areas but not in urban areas. Furthermore, sedentary activity was correlated with overweight and obesity among those who lived in urban and rural areas. Our findings suggest that education, environmental, and policy interventions may need to specifically target urban settings, where access is high to a wide range of processed and traditional high-sugar, high-fat snack foods and beverages.

Objective: To examine minimum dietary diversity (MDD) trends and determinants among children aged 6–23 months.Design: Secondary analysis of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys (IDHS) between 2007 and 2017. The primary outcome was MDD, the consumption of at least five out of eight food groups (MDD-8). We included a total of 5015 (IDHS 2007), 5050 (IDHS 2007) and 4925 (IDHS 2017) children aged 6 to 23 months to estimate trends of MDD-8 and to identify factors associated with MDD-8. We used multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for the complex sampling design to investigate the association between the study factors and MDD-8.Setting: Indonesia.Participant: A total of 14 990 children aged 6–23 months.Results: Over the 10 years, the percentage of children who consumed a diversified diet was 53·1 % in 2007, 51·7 % in 2012 and 53·7 % in 2017. Multivariate analyses showed that older age children, higher maternal education, maternal weekly access to media, paternal non-agricultural occupation, history of at least four antenatal care visits and wealthier households were associated with the increased odds of MDD-8. Children living in rural areas, Sulawesi and Eastern Indonesia, were less likely to eat a diversified diet.Conclusions: The proportion of children meeting MDD-8 has stagnated in the last decade. Child, parental, health care, household and community factors are associated with MDD-8. Therefore, nutrition education programmes and behaviour change communication activities should target mothers and families from socio-economically and geographically disadvantaged populations.

Background: Stunting in children 6-23 months old was not directly realized and can be looked after they are 2 years old. Almost 18.08% in District Bantul suffered from stunting. Stunting in children 6-23 months, may be correlated with the first time of complementary feeding introduction and inadequate intake of nutrients (energy and protein).Objectives: To know the association between time of complementary feeding introduction, energy and protein intake with stunting in children 6-23 months old in Sedayu.Methods: This was an observational study with cross sectional design. Research locations was in District of Sedayu, Bantul, Yogyakarta.The subject of study was children 6-23 months old in Sedayu. Samples were 190 children aged 6-23 months selected by using technique probability proportional to size (pps). The status of stunting in children was measured based on body length/age and used to analyze the risk of complementary feeding with stunting.Results: The results of the analysis bivariat showed that early complementary feeding was significantly associated with stunting (OR=2.867, 95% CI:1.453-5.656). Intake of energy and proteins had no association with stunting (p=0.005).Conclusions: There were association between time of complementary feeding introduction with stunting. Intake of energy and protein were not risk factors of stunting in children aged 6-23 months in Sedayu Subdistrict, Bantul, Yogyakarta.KEYWORDS: complementary feeding, intake of energy, intake of protein, stuntingABSTRACTLatar belakang: Terjadinya stunting pada baduta seringkali tidak disadari, dan setelah dua tahun baru terlihat ternyata balita tersebut pendek. Sebesar 18,08% balita di Kabupaten Bantul menderita stunting. Penyebab terjadinya stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan erat kaitannya dengan waktu pertama pemberianmakanan pendamping ASI (MP-ASI) serta asupan zat gizi (energi dan protein) pada makanan yang kurang memadai.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara waktu memulai pemberian serta jumlah asupan energi dan protein dari MP-ASI dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Kecamatan Sedayu.Metode: Jenis penelitian adalah observasional dengan desain studi cross sectional. Lokasi penelitian di Kecamatan Sedayu Kabupaten Bantul Yogyakarta. Subjek penelitian adalah anak usia 6-23 bulan di Kecamatan Sedayu. Besar sampel yang dibutuhkan adalah 190 anak usia 6-23 bulan. Pemilihan subjekpenelitian menggunakan teknik probability proportional to size (PPS). Untuk mengetahui status stunting pada anak dilakukan pengukuran panjang badan menurut umur (PB/U) dan digunakan analisis besarnya risiko pemberian MP-ASI terhadap kejadian stunting.Hasil: Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukan waktu pertama kali pemberian MP-ASI berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian stunting (OR=2,867, 95%CI:1,453-5,656). Asupan energi dan protein tidak berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting (p>0,005).Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara waktu pertama pemberian MP-ASI yang terlalu dini terhadap kejadian stunting. Asupan energi dan protein yang kurang tidak berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di Kecamatan Sedayu, Bantul, Yogyakarta.KATA KUNCI: pemberian MP-ASI, asupan energi, asupan protein, stunting

Background: The increased nutrient fulfillment is required for optimal growth and development during the first two years of life. Based on WHO, dietary diversity is one of core indicators for assessing diet quality and adequacy.Objective: This study aimed to understand the association between individual dietary diversity and stunting in infants and young children in Sedayu Subdistrict, Bantul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.Method: This study used cross-sectional design. It was conducted from February to March 2016 in Sedayu Subdistrict. Subjects were 189 infants and young children aged 6-23 months selected by probability proportional to size sampling technique. Individual dietary diversity was assessed by minimum dietary diversity with the consumption of 4 or more food groups of the total 7 food goups. Data were analyzed by using statistics descriptive, Chi-Square test, and multiple logistic regression.Results: Poor dietary diversity (OR=16,76; 95%CI: 6,77-41,51) was significantly related with stunting. Other factor associated with stunting was low birth weight (OR=5,12; 95%CI: 2,11-12,43). In addition, appropiate time of introducing complementary food (OR=0,32; 95%CI: 0,13-0,75) was a protective factor against stunting. Household economic status acted as an effect modifier and confounding factor between dietary diversity and stunting.Conclusion: Consumption of diverse diet at least 4 food groups reduced the risk of stunting in infants and young children. Efforts should be made to improve dietary diversity in complementary feeding practice.