This study investigated the drivers of degradation in Southeast Asian mangroves through multi-source remote sensing data products. The degradation drivers that affect approximately half of this area are unidentified; therefore, naturogenic and anthropogenic impacts on these mangroves were studied. Various global land cover (GLC) products were harmonized and examined to identify major anthropogenic changes affecting mangrove habitats. To investigate the naturogenic factors, the impact of the water balance was evaluated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and evapotranspiration and precipitation data. Vegetation indices’ response in deforested mangrove regions depends significantly on the type of drivers. A trend analysis and break point detection of percentage of tree cover (PTC), percentage of non-tree vegetation (PNTV), and percentage of non-vegetation (PNV) datasets can aid in measuring, estimating, and tracing the drivers of change. The assimilation of GLC products suggests that agriculture and fisheries are the predominant drivers of mangrove degradation. The relationship between water balance and degradation shows that naturogenic drivers have a wider impact than anthropogenic drivers, and degradation in particular regions is likely to be a result of the accumulation of various drivers. In large-scale studies, remote sensing data products could be integrated as a remarkably powerful instrument in assisting evidence-based policy making.

Marine tourism is authorized in Jakarta Bay’s Angke Kapuk mangrove forest. Maritime vessel activities, maintenance, and land reclamation can pollute nearby aquatic environments and sedimentary deposits. This study examines lead (Pb), a heavy metal, in water and sediment samples to measure contamination. Lead pollution in aquatic habitats can harm aquatic organisms and humans through bioaccumulation in the food chain. The sampling was done twice in August 2023, seven days apart. This technique was done at three stations with different activities. Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES) was used to measure lead amounts in the samples. The water sample analysis showed 0.0022-0.0092 mg/L, matching Indonesian Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 standards. Conversely, sediment samples showed 0.067-0.200 mg/kg, which is below the quality criteria set by ANZECC&ARMCANZ in 2000 for Australia and New Zealand and CCME in 2001 for Canada. Despite low pollution according to recognized criteria, heavy metals in ecotourism zones require government and public attention. Additional information, in-depth research on water contamination, and heightened awareness of the impacts of heavy metals may be necessary.

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research The results of this research showed that allometric growth in males and females had negative allometric growth characteristics. The growth condition index in male and female fish is dominated by thin and fat body shapes.The maximum length growth (L∞) and growth speed of males is higher than that of females. Total mortality and fishing mortality for males is higher than for females, but natural mortality for females is higher than for males. The exploitation rate of males and females is in the Under-exploitation category because the E value is <0.5. Abstract Exploring the length-weight relationship of fish and characterising growth parameters is essential in fisheries as they offer fundamental biology and population dynamics data to establish good management strategies for fisheries resources. This study examines the growth and mortality patterns of Oreochromis mossambicus. Data was collected between September and December 2022 using quantitative descriptive survey sampling. The study involved 20 repeats and deliberate random sampling of 30-50 fish per sample, emphasising total length, weight, and sex parameters. Based on 726 samples of O. mossambicus (352 fish identified as male and 374 fish identified as female). The growth model study revealed the typical negative allometric growth for both sexes (male and female). Male individuals attained a length of 33.449 cm after 37 days has a growth trend ± 0.3265 year-1, and females reached 21.150 cm in 34 days with a growth rate around 0.3135 year-1, as per the von Bertalanffy growth model. There were complex mortality patterns, with males contributing to most total deaths. This study emphasises the complex biology of tilapia and its untapped potential in the aquaculture pond system ecology in Tarakan.

Following the unintentional introduction of the freshwater mussel Sinanodonta pacifica into Indonesia, it dispersed rapidly. The life cycle and reproductive characteristics of this species throughout Indonesia are poorly known. This information is required to manage the species and mitigate against any negative effects that it might have on native ecosystems. We firstly report on the reproductive biology of S. pacifica by combined temporal monitoring, histological investigation, and light and scanning electron microscopy, and relate mussel densities, and their reproductive and embryological stages, to environmental variables at five sites in West Java from 67 to 1,580 m above sea level. Sinanodonta pacifica is protandrous and can spawn eggs and brood larvae throughout the year, with spawning peaks in the early rainy season from September to December. Mussels from midland sites brood 4.1–8.9‐fold more glochidia than those from lowland or highland sites; highland and lowland sites produce 3.1–4.3‐fold more hermaphrodites than midland sites. High levels of suspended solids and low chlorophyll‐a concentrations contribute to a higher proportion of hermaphrodites and a decrease in glochidia production. Low mussel densities and an unbalanced sex ratio also contribute to increased proportions of hermaphrodites, and reduced glochidia production. These results improve our understanding of how S. pacifica recruits across elevations, and how population growth might threaten native species and natural ecosystems. Management involving periodic harvesting of mussels to control population size and promotion of economic benefits from pearl production is proposed.

Fish farming is a crucial and profitable sector in fisheries industry, especially for vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone 1931) commodities. Pangandaran Regency is a major producer of vannamei shrimp in Indonesia, and its coastal areas have been designated as conservation zones, especially for sea turtle species. However, the conservation location in Pangandaran Coastal Park Conservation Area is now affected by vannamei shrimp farming activities. Thus, this research aimed to analyze the impact of waste generated from vannamei shrimp (L. vannamei) aquaculture on the coastal ecosystem, particularly on sea turtle landing and nesting activities in the Pangandaran Coastal Park Conservation Area. The research method that was used is survey method, with purposive sampling used to determine the sampling stations. Data collection was conducted at five stations, with water samples taken from both shrimp farm outlets and the nearby seawater. Sampling was conducted in 4 repetitions during shrimp farm effluent discharge or harvest. The shrimp farm waste discharged into the environment, with parameters such as TSS, NH3, NO3, and PO4, has not met the established quality standards, as it exceeds the allowable thresholds. This condition has contributed to the decline in sea turtle landing and nesting activities, primarily due to the poor management of shrimp farm waste.