Vaccine hesitancy is one of the top ten greatest threats to global health. During the COVID-19 era, vaccine hesitancy poses substantial risks, especially in visible minorities, who are disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Although evidence of vaccine hesitancy exists, there is minimal focus on visible minorities and the reasons for hesitancy in this group are unclear. Identifying these populations and their reasons for vaccine hesitancy is crucial in improving vaccine uptake and curbing the spread of COVID-19. This scoping review follows a modified version of the Arksey and O’Malley strategy. Using comprehensive search strategies, advanced searches were conducted on Medline, CINAHL, and PubMed databases to acquire relevant articles. Full-text reviews using inclusion and exclusion criteria were performed to extract themes of vaccine hesitancy. Themes were grouped into factors using thematic qualitative analysis and were objectively confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). To complement both analyses, a word cloud of titles and abstracts for the final articles was generated. This study included 71 articles. Themes were grouped into 8 factors and the top 3 recurring factors were safety and effectiveness of the vaccine, mistrust, and socioeconomic characteristics. Shedding light on these factors could help mitigate health inequities and increase overall vaccine uptake worldwide through interventions and policies targeted at these factors. Ultimately, this would help achieve global herd immunity.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines vaccine hesitancy as reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite availability. Contributing factors in visible minority populations include vaccine safety, effectiveness, mistrust, socioeconomic characteristics, vaccine development, information circulation, knowledge, perceived risk of COVID-19, and perceived benefit. Objectives: This study aimed to examine vaccine hesitancy in visible minority populations across Canadian regions. Methods: A survey was conducted among visible minority populations in Canadian regions, using 21 questions from the available literature via the Delphi method. The Canadian Hub for Applied and Social Research (CHASR) administered the survey to individuals 18 years or older who resided in Canada at the time of the survey and identified as visible minorities such as Asian, Black, and Latin American. After recruiting 511 participants, data analysis used Chi-square tests of association and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to identify regional differences in vaccine choices, side effects, information sources, and reasons for vaccination. A weighted analysis extended the results to represent the visible minorities across provinces. Results: Higher rates of Pfizer were administered to participants in Ontario (73%), the Prairies (72%), British Columbia (71%), and Quebec (70%). British Columbia had the highest Moderna rate (59%). The most common side effect was pain at the injection site in Quebec (62%), Ontario (62%), BC (62%), and in the Atlantic (61%). Healthcare professionals and government sources were the most trusted information sources, with healthcare professionals trusted particularly in the Prairies (70%) and government sources similarly trusted in Quebec (65%) and Ontario (65%). In the Atlantic, 86% of refusals were due to side effects and 69% were due to prior negative vaccine experiences. Conclusions: Leveraging healthcare professionals’ trust, community engagement, and flexible policies can help policymakers improve pandemic preparedness and boost vaccine acceptance.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in HPV vaccination and may have severely undermined global cervical cancer prevention, posing long-term risks to controlling cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. Objective: We conducted a scoping review to map and synthesize available evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) focusing on changes in vaccine delivery and coverage, determinants of uptake, economic and programmatic consequences and vaccine hesitancy. Methods: Inclusion criteria were limited to studies published in the English language between January 2020 to May 2025, and followed JBI and Arksey & O’Malley’s scoping review guidelines. The review proceeded through three stages: database searches, gray literature and citation tracking and used a PRISMA-ScR checklist to guide narrative and tabular synthesis. Results: A total of 1063 records, 57 studies were included in the final analysis, and these were spread out across 37 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Our analysis revealed that HPV vaccination coverage declined substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic, with reductions of up to 90% reported across the included studies, in the context of school closures, workforce redeployment, and supply-chain disruptions. Recovery efforts also faced major barriers including vaccine hesitancy, misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines, and travel restrictions. Strategies like digital tools, mobile clinics, and community health workers showed promise alongside integrated school- and facility-based approaches, although there is limited evidence on cost-effectiveness and long-term sustainability of these strategies. Conclusions: HPV vaccination in LMICs was significantly disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic due to unreliable vaccine supply chains, health-worker shortages, and challenges tied to school-based vaccine delivery. Although recovery methods show potential, longer observation periods are needed to determine their full effectiveness.