Estrogens are hormones that have been extensively presented in many types of cancer such as breast, uterus, colorectal, prostate, and others, due to dynamically integrated signaling cascades that coordinate cellular growth, differentiation, and death which can be potentially new therapeutic targets. Despite the historical use of estrogens in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa), their biological effect is not well known, nor their role in carcinogenesis or the mechanisms used to carry their therapeutic effects of neoplastic in prostate transformation. The expression and regulation of the estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα, ERβ, and GPER stimulated by agonists and antagonists, and related to prostate cancer cells are herein reviewed. Subsequently, the structures of the ERs and their splice variants, the binding of ligands to ERs, and the effect on PCa are provided. Finally, we also assessed the contribution of molecular simulation which can help us to search and predict potential estrogenic activities.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent cause of death in the male population worldwide. The G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) has been gaining relevance in the development of PCa. Hedgehog (Hh) pathway activation is associated with aggressiveness, metastasis, and relapse in PCa patients. To date, no studies have evaluated the crosstalk between the GPER and the Hh pathway along different group grades in PCa. We conducted an analysis of paraffin-embedded tissues derived from patients with different prognostic grade of PCa using immunohistochemistry. Expression and correlation between GPER and glioma associated oncogene homologue (GLI) transcriptional factors in the parenchyma and stroma of PCa tumors were evaluated. Our results indicate that GPER is highly expressed in the nucleus and increases with higher grade groups. Additionally, GPER’s expression correlates with pGLI3 nuclear expression across different grade groups in PCa tissues; however, whether the receptor induces the activation of GLI transcriptional factors, or the latter modulate the expression of GPER is yet to be discovered, as well as the functional consequence of this correlation.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and the second most common cancer among men. Treatment options depend on factors like age, androgen sensitivity, PSA levels, Gleason score, TNM stage, and recurrence risk. Available treatments include hormonal therapy, radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy. Early immunological treatments were limited by poor lymphocyte infiltration and an immunosuppressive environment. Today, strategies such as dendritic cell vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) are used. ACT, especially CAR T-cell strategies, aims to overcome traditional treatment limitations, particularly in advanced and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), though it remains in early development. Personalized medicine uses molecular insights from the diseased tissue to tailor treatments. Variability in patient response, due to tumor heterogeneity and prior treatments, highlights the importance of personalized and combination therapies as future strategies for effective immunotherapy. This review explores the current landscape of PCa. We analyze treatment guidelines established by NCCN and EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG. We comprehensively examine immunotherapeutic strategies currently available or under investigation for prostate cancer, with particular emphasis on ICIs, ACT with a focus on CAR T-cell therapy, combination approaches and therapeutic synergies, and predictive biomarkers of immunotherapy response. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and future directions in the implementation of immunotherapy for the management of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men and represents a significant public health challenge, particularly in Mexico, where it is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Early prevention strategies are urgently needed due to the disease’s aggressive progression and its impact on long-term survival. Nutritional interventions have garnered increasing attention, especially in light of risk factors such as aging, obesity, and adipose tissue dysfunction, which contribute to elevated prostate cancer risk. As incidence continues to rise among men over 50, promoting diet-based strategies for prevention and management is of growing importance. This study aims to analyze global scientific evidence regarding the role of diet in the prevention and management of prostate cancer, while also examining the social, economic, and cultural factors that influence the implementation of these strategies within the Mexican population.

Ni las células madre pueden curar cualquier enfermedad, ni utilizar nuestras propias células implica que no hay riesgos al utilizar estas terapias.

La terapia de células madre es una prometedora área médica con la capacidad de tratar diversas enfermedades mediante el reemplazo o reparación de células dañadas y la modulación del sistema inmunológico. Sin embargo, presenta desafíos significativos ya que se encuentra en etapas experimentales y su aplicación genera controversias sobre seguridad y eficacia. Uno de los principales problemas éticos es el uso de células madre embrionarias (ESC) derivadas de embriones, lo cual plantea la cuestión de si es moralmente aceptable destruir embriones para desarrollar nuevas terapias. Por otro lado, las células madre pluripotentes inducidas (iPSC) ofrecen una solución ética, aunque también enfrentan dilemas debido a su capacidad ilimitada de diferenciación y el riesgo de formación de tumores. La proliferación de clínicas que ofrecen terapias no aprobadas añade otra capa de complejidad ética que los investigadores deben abordar. Desde un punto de vista legal y ético, es esencial garantizar la dignidad y los derechos humanos mediante el consentimiento informado y la protección de la privacidad. Los desafíos globales incluyen establecer regulaciones efectivas y correctas prácticas de fabricación.