Morocco, which has no conventional energy resources, depends entirely on the international primary energy market to satisfy its growing demand due to its economic growth and demographic progression. The country imports the majority of its energy source supply. Morocco has implemented an important energy strategy that supports the country’s transition to renewable energy and energy efficiency that generalizes across all consumer sectors of the economy (housing, transport, industry). To fulfill this energy transition, the liberalization of renewable energy market was adopted and financial mechanisms have been created to stimulate private sector involvement and to facilitate the implementation of the public–private partnership. The government and public institutions that were created to accompany Morocco’s energy vision have committed to drive the development of projects in the priority areas of renewable energy and energy efficiency, but the country still needs to deal with many barriers related to the policy, financial, and technical frameworks.

Renewable energy (RnE) is a key element for the national energy strategies in the world especially for emerging and developing countries. Morocco, which has no conventional energy resources, depends almost entirely on the international primary energy market, to satisfy its growing demand inherent to its economic growth and its demographic progression, the country import the majority for its supply of energy sources. Morocco has implemented an important energy strategy that supports the country's transition to RnE and energy efficiency that generalises across all consumer sectors of the economy (housing, transport, industry). However, the integration of renewables into power systems and the development of adequate reserve capacity are seem to be significant for these strategies in particular in the wind power case. This study presents the impact of the smoothing effect on reserve capacity and energy savings available through the net balancing between different climate zones to achieve fuel cost savings and reduce CO ₂ emissions.

The Moroccan energy strategy has set new targets of reaching 52% of installed renewable energy capacity by 2030, through the development of renewable energy, including solar and wind energy. The massive use of renewables leads the country to deal with its intermittency and improve its integration in the grid. The offset between wind farms generation in different regions is essential for quantifying the reduction of intermittency when we chose wind farms sites. This offset, the smoothing effect, is analyzed deeply in this article to evaluate different compensation zones. Six wind farms with wind power variability and their potential impact on the capacity reserve are presented. The site’s power was generated from reel hourly data during 12 months. Results show that energy fluctuation depends on typical wind regimes and the capacity of farms. North wind farms (280 MW) produce 50% of the maximum during 43% of time and south wind farms produce it only 17% of time. The first farm’s power consistently spreads more than south farms, but also more smoothed. The average intermittency reduced as farm capacity increased due to the turbine smoothing effect and the reserve requirements increased on average. The behavior of south wind farms is more correlated, then the backup needed will be less.

The rapid digitalization of power systems and the growing penetration of variable renewable energy sources have intensified the need for flexible and resilient smart-grid architectures capable of coordinating cross-sector energy flows. This review aims to provide a system-level synthesis of the artificial-intelligence-enabled integration of smart grids and green hydrogen, explicitly addressing coordination across physical infrastructure, digital control layers, market mechanisms, and environmental constraints. Following the PRISMA 2020 framework, 142 high-relevance studies published between 2010 and 2025 were systematically screened and classified into five interdependent thematic pillars: demand-side flexibility, ICT and IoT infrastructures, cybersecurity and resilience, communication and control performance, and AI-based optimization and decision-making. The synthesis reveals three principal findings. First, while core technologies such as photovoltaics, battery storage, and proton exchange membrane electrolyzers exhibit high component-level maturity, system-integration readiness remains limited by interoperability, communication latency, cybersecurity compliance, and market eligibility constraints. Second, electrolyzers can technically provide fast-response and multi-timescale flexibility services, yet their economic viability depends strongly on market product granularity, settlement intervals, and regulatory frameworks. Third, environmental and resource constraints, including water availability and material criticality, are emerging as binding factors that must be embedded directly into planning and optimization models. Overall, the review positions artificial intelligence as a cross-layer coordination mechanism that links operational control, digital observability, market participation, and sustainability boundaries, providing an integrated architecture to guide scalable and resilient smart grid–hydrogen deployment.

The integration of variable wind power into electrical grids requires innovative storage solutions capable of addressing both short-term fluctuations and long-term energy imbalances. This study presents an empirical assessment of the optimal coupling between battery and green hydrogen storage using real-world data from a 140 MW wind farm. The analysis explicitly considers time-varying electricity demand to reflect realistic grid-connected operating conditions through a multi-layer simulation model. This study demonstrates that while batteries excel at short-term balancing with 90%–95% efficiency, and hydrogen enables seasonal energy shifting despite lower round trip efficiency (30%–45%), their hybrid configuration achieves superior performance. Results show that the hybrid system reduces curtailment to approximately 3%, increases renewable utilization to about 96.2%, and provides comprehensive flexibility across multiple time scales. Compared to a no-storage reference case, the hybrid configuration recovers approximately 136 GWh of renewable energy annually, corresponding to about 95 ktCO2 of avoided emissions. Economic analysis reveals distinct cost drivers: battery competitiveness hinges on capital cost reduction, while hydrogen economics depend primarily on electrolyzer efficiency and electricity prices. This paper provides a robust empirical validation of battery–hydrogen storage complementarity under variable demand, offering a replicable framework for regions targeting high renewable penetration and enhanced grid flexibility.

A multi-level converter is a power electronic device desired to generate a desired AC voltage level using several introduced DC voltages, the output voltage of the converter is characterized by a low harmonic content (THD) compared to conventional inverters. The adopted innovative design permits the independent control of PV modules, enabling, in this way, to operate independently and won’t be very affected by intermittence. Additionally in this paper, a new control strategy based on sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is analyzed for cascaded H-Bridge inverter. In this new technique, separate modified carriers are used for each H-Bridge (HB). Multiple-carrier SPWM is used with the new control SPWM technique. Those carriers are being implemented with diverse sinusoidal dispositions phase disposition (PD), phase opposition and disposition (POD), alternative opposition and disposition (APOD), and with altered frequencies. Experimental results are obtained while using different operating conditions.