Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in oncology, facilitating advancements in site-specific cancer therapy and personalized oncomedicine. The development of nanomedicines explicitly targeted to cancer cells represents a pivotal breakthrough, allowing the development of precise interventions. These cancer-cell-targeted nanomedicines operate within the intricate milieu of the tumour microenvironment, further enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. This comprehensive review provides a contemporary perspective on precision cancer medicine and underscores the critical role of nanotechnology in advancing site-specific cancer therapy and personalized oncomedicine. It explores the categorization of nanoparticle types, distinguishing between organic and inorganic variants, and examines their significance in the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. Current insights into the strategies for developing actively targeted nanomedicines across various cancer types are also provided, thus addressing relevant challenges associated with drug delivery barriers. Promising future directions in personalized cancer nanomedicine approaches are delivered, emphasising the imperative for continued optimization of nanocarriers in precision cancer medicine. The discussion underscores translational research’s need to enhance cancer patients’ outcomes by refining nanocarrier technologies in nanotechnology-driven, site-specific cancer therapy.

Graphene oxide-mediated photothermal therapy using femtosecond lasers has recently shown promise in treating hepatocellular carcinoma. However, significant work remains to optimize irradiation parameters for specific nanoparticle types and cancer cells to improve nanomaterial-mediated photothermal anticancer therapy. This study investigated the photothermal potential of nGO and nGO-PEG nanoparticles (NPs) combined with femtosecond laser irradiation at 515 nm and 1030 nm wavelengths, with varying power (0.1 and 0.2 W/cm²) and duration (5 and 10 min), to optimize photothermal therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Conversion efficiency of NPs, morphology and viability of HepG2 and normal MDCK cells after treatments were evaluated using an electronic thermometer, phase-contrast microscopy, and WST-1 assay. The results revealed that nGO-PEG NPs exhibited better photothermal efficiency than nGO, with 515 nm of irradiation inducing a temperature increase up to 19.1 °C compared to 4.7 °C with 1030 nm of light. Laser exposure to 515 nm significantly reduced HepG2 cell viability, with the most intense conditions (10 min at 0.2 W/cm²) causing a decrease of up to 58.2% with nGO and 43.51% with nGO-PEG. Normal MDCK cells showed minimal impact or a slight viability increase, especially with nGO-PEG. Combined treatment with laser irradiation and NPs induced significant morphological changes in HepG2 cells, including cell detachment and apoptotic-like characteristics, particularly with 1030 nm of irradiation. MDCK cells exhibited minimal morphological changes, with some recovery observed under lower energy conditions. These findings suggest that low-energy lasers and engineered nanomaterials could provide a minimally invasive approach to photothermal cancer therapy with reduced side effects.

Disease and ageing are linked in many ways and especially by the mechanisms they share. For many diseases, the process of ageing is the main culprit leading to the pathology. Hence, it is crucial to understand the process of ageing, and its molecular and cellular mechanisms to have a better understanding and perspective on these age-related diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are probably the most common types of age-related diseases. Their pathology is complex, however, changes in neurotransmitter levels are almost always present. These types of changes occur during ageing as well, therefore, exploring the link between those processes can give a clue for possible treatments. Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are enzymes that break down monoamine neurotransmitters and their dysregulation has long been recorded in age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. There is strong evidence that modulating the MAOs’ expression and activity can be beneficial for patients suffering from these illnesses. Herein we critically analyze the literature and make associations among ageing, MAOs’ activity and neurotransmitters’ levels, thus highlighting their role in neurodegenerative diseases.

Accelerated electron beam, gastric smooth muscles, contractile activity, 5-НТ

Nowadays, the utilized electromagnetic radiation (ER) in modalities such as photobiomodulation (PBM) finds broader applications in medical practice due to the promising results suggested by numerous reports. To date, the published data do not allow for the in-depth elucidation of the molecular mechanisms through which ER impacts the human organism. Furthermore, there is a total lack of evidence justifying the relation between the enzymatic activity of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the spontaneous contractile activity of smooth muscle gastric tissues exposed to various light sources. We found that exposure of these tissues to lamps, emitting light with wavelengths of 254 nm and 350 nm, lasers, emitting light with 532 nm and 808 nm, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with ER at a wavelength of 660 nm, increased the 5-HT effect on the contractility. On the other hand, LEDs at 365 nm and 470 nm reduced it. The analysis of MAO-A enzymatic activity after exposure to the employed light emitters endorsed these findings. Furthermore, MAOA gene expression studies confirmed the possibility of its optogenetic regulation. Therefore, we concluded that the utilized emitters could alternate the functions of significant neuromediators by modulating the activity and gene transcription levels of enzymes that degrade them. Our investigations will help to disclose the selective conditions upon which PBM can effectively treat gastrointestinal and neurological disorders.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are promising agents for nanomedicine but their interactions with lipid membranes, which are a key interface for drug delivery, require deeper understanding. This study investigates the influence of fructose-capped AgNPs on the physicochemical properties of SOPC-based liposomal bilayers, with implications for drug delivery and photothermal therapy. We employed a multi-technique approach, including infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermally induced shape fluctuation analysis, and laser irradiation at 343, 515, and 1030nm. Our results show that AgNPs incorporated into the bilayer are causing measurable perturbations: DSC revealed a decrease in the main phase transition enthalpy (from 0.280 to 0.234 J/g) and temperature (from 2.80 to 3.41 °C) while shape fluctuation analysis indicated a reduction in bending modulus (from 1.18 × 10−19 J to 0.93 × 10−19 J), confirming increased membrane fluidity. FTIR confirmed interactions of fructose-capped nanoparticles and lipid’s carbonyl and phosphate groups. Furthermore, the AgNPs-liposomes exhibited a strong, wavelength- dependent photothermal response with a temperature increase ≈22 °C under 515 nm laser irradiation, compared to only 3–5 °C at 1030nm. We concluded that fructose-capped-AgNPs moderately fludify lipid bilayers while enabling efficient, controllable photothermal capability, making them excellent candidates for designing advanced liposomal systems for combined therapy and diagnostic.