The finite element analysis technique was used to investigate the suitability of silver nanorods, spheres, ellipsoids and core–shell structures for the hyperthermia treatment of cancer. The temperature of the silver nanostructures was raised from 42 to 46 °C, in order to kill the cancerous cells. The time taken by the nanostructures to attain this temperature, with external source heating, was also estimated. The heat transfer module in COMSOL Multiphysics was used for the finite element analysis of hyperthermia, based on silver nanostructures. The thermal response of different shapes of silver nanostructures was evaluated by placing them inside the spherical domain of the tumor tissue. The proposed geometries were heated at different time intervals. Optimization of the geometries was performed to achieve the best treatment temperature. It was observed that silver nanorods quickly attain the desired temperature, as compared to other shapes. The silver nanorods achieved the highest temperature of 44.3 °C among all the analyzed geometries. Moreover, the central volume, used to identify the thermal response, was the maximum for the silver nano-ellipsoids. Thermal equilibrium in the treatment region was attained after $0.5 \mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{s}$ of heating, which made these structures suitable for hyperthermia treatment.

Hyperthermia (HT) is a technique for treating malignancies by raising the temperature of the defected tissues.

A potential solution to the drawbacks of compressed and liquefied hydrogen is the use of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs), which provide safer, more scalable, and infrastructure-compatible storage. With a focus on reversible hydrogenation/dehydrogenation processes and their catalytic underpinnings, this review critically investigates LOHC technology. The transition from noble-metal to nickel-based catalysts is highlighted by recent developments, which enhance lifetime, selectivity, and activity in real-world scenarios. Comparative analysis of reactor concepts shows quantifiable improvements in scalability and efficiency, including membrane, hot-pressure swing, and reactive distillation systems. Integration with renewable energy and waste-heat utilization are reviewed, as are commercialization initiatives like pilot plants and hydrogen refueling stations. Reducing carrier costs, increasing catalyst durability, and lowering the energy demand for dehydrogenation are still ongoing challenges. This review establishes research priorities that will determine how LOHCs contribute to the development of a low-carbon, sustainable hydrogen economy by tying molecular design to system-level performance. AbstractSection Graphical abstract

Hyperthermia is a cancer treatment strategy that involves raising the temperature of the afflicted tissues without disrupting the surrounding tissues. This study is focused on finite element analysis of copper, nanoellipsoids, nanorods, nanospheres and core-shells for potential hyperthermia application. The temperature of copper nanostructures was elevated using an external source to the desired temperature to destroy the cancerous cell. The COMSOL Multiphysics package was used to calculate how long it would take to achieve the desired temperature using different nanostructures of copper. Thermal sensitivity of the tested nanostructures was checked by putting them in a spherical domain of tissue. It was observed that copper nano-rod attained the highest temperature of 43.3 °C compared to other geometries. It was also found that these geometries attained thermal equilibrium just after 0.5 μs. However, the copper nano-ellipsoid had a higher core volume, which is utilized to determine the thermal sensitivity of the nanostructures. Noble metal (Au) coating was first found to be better than PEG polymer coating for investigating core–shell structures. The Au coating on the surface of the copper core resulted in a gradual decrease in temperature with an increasing volume coverage ratio. These results conclude that copper nanostructures can be suitable candidates for hyperthermia.