Objectives: This study aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of service interventions for improving postpartum contraception, including contraceptive use, prevention of repeat pregnancies and induced abortions.Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases until June 2022 (PROSPERO registration CRD42022328349). Estimates of intervention effects from meta-analyses were represented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results: 16 studies with 14,289 participants were included, with four kinds of interventions recognized. Interventions effect in increasing use of contraceptives and decreasing rates of repeated pregnancy for up to 6 months postpartum (OR = 2.24, 0.06, 95% CI = 1.46–3.44, 0.02–0.22, respectively), with no significant associations with contraceptive use at 12 months postpartum, prevention of postpartum repeat pregnancies and induced abortions during 1 year after childbirth.Conclusion: We concluded that interventions impact the initiation of postpartum contraceptive use and prevention of repeat pregnancy with an overall certainty from low to moderate. These findings highlight the need for additional studies to integrate the beneficial effect of several interventions and then design more feasible strategies, which is important for the maternal and child healthcare systems.

Parental coercive and structured feeding practices are linked with children’s weight gain. Thus, identifying their predictors will assist in childhood obesity prevention. We explored how parents’ concerns and perceptions of children’s weight, parenting stress, parenting competence, parents’ family roles, and only child status (of both parent and child) predict the use of restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring practices among parents of preschoolers. Parent–child dyads (n = 2990) were recruited in Beijing in 2019. Parenting competence, parents’ weight perceptions and feeding practices were assessed using the Chinese version of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale and Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ), respectively. Parenting stress and other variables were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Multivariate linear associations between parents’ weight perceptions and feeding practices were significant among normal-weight children. Parents’ concerns about children being overweight were positively associated with restriction and monitoring, and negatively associated with pressure to eat. Higher levels of parenting stress and parenting competence significantly improved the adoption of restriction and pressure to eat. Parents’ only child status and that of children had an impact on parents’ feeding practices. The fathers’ feeding preferences were substantially different from what mothers preferred. In conclusion, such parenting and family characteristics significantly influenced feeding practices of preschoolers’ parents. These were long neglected in China.

Introduction: Despite the widespread provision of free contraceptives and post-abortion care (PAC) services, China grapples with a high rate of unintended pregnancies and subsequent abortions. We aimed to study the evolving characteristics of women seeking abortion and their contraceptive practices before and after abortions, to shed light on the optimisation of Chinese PAC services. Methods: This study utilised data from an abortion cohort between 2019 and 2021. We studied their demographic features, contraception and abortion histories, reasons and choices using chi-square or linear-by-linear tests. We also explored the potential impact of receiving services at PAC facilities on post-abortion contraception use and repeat abortions using logistic regression models. Results: Among the 9005 participants, 43.4% experienced repeat abortion, without a discernible trend over the 3 years. Noteworthy increases were observed in the percentages of college students (from 1.7% to 6.6%, p<0.01) and middle-aged women (from 23.2% to 26.8%, p<0.01) seeking abortions. Surgical abortion was chosen by nearly 90% of participants with a continuously increasing trend (p _trend <0.01). Nearly half of the participants experienced unintended pregnancies due to non-use of contraception. Of the remainder, the majority preferred less or the least effective methods both before and after abortion. Women residing in moderate-gross domestic product (GDP) regions faced a higher risk of repeat abortions (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.54). Despite this, high-quality PAC services may encourage the use of reliable contraceptive methods, with 86.8% of women changing from least effective or no methods to (most) effective methods post-abortion, and prevent repeat abortions (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.75). Conclusions: Increased proportions of college students and middle-aged multiparous women seeking abortions were observed, together with inappropriate preferences for less effective contraception and increasing choice of surgical abortions. Future research should extend the focus to cover the entire abortion period, advocate the rational selection of contraceptive methods, and emphasise the specified PAC services tailored to different socioeconomic groups.

The excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been proven to be critical for obesity among preschoolers. This study aimed to describe the SSB consumption rates among preschoolers in the Dongcheng District of Beijing, China, and to explore the association between obesogenic environmental determinants and consumption. We applied a stratified cluster sampling method and recruited 3057 primary caregivers of preschoolers in June 2019 to participate in the survey. The caregivers reported their children’s consumption rates of six categories of SSBs and their exposure rates to SSB-related obesogenic environments. The associations between them were tested using multivariate logistic regression models. The mean (SD) age of the children was 5.6 (0.6) years and nearly half (48.3%) were girls. About 84.5% of the children had consumed SSBs over the past three months, and sugar-sweetened milk beverages had the highest consumption rate. Higher exposure to advertisements for the corresponding SSB categories in children, higher frequency rates of consuming SSBs and of taking children to fast-food restaurants in caregivers, and lower frequency rates of reading the Nutrition Facts Panels by caregivers were associated with higher SSB consumption rates among children (p < 0.05 in all of the SSB categories investigated, except for the Nutrition Facts Panel reading behaviors for the sports and energy beverages). SSB consumption among preschoolers is of concern, and comprehensive policy actions and education are urgently needed.

Early-life exposures could affect the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adulthood, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We included 319,951 (54.5% women) UK Biobank participants free of T2D at baseline and within the first year of follow-up to investigate whether early-life exposures contribute to T2D through biological aging estimated using the Klemera–Doubal (KDM) and PhenoAge methods. We first examined associations of exposures with biological age and T2D, respectively, using multivariable-adjusted linear models and Cox regression models. Next, we investigated the role of biological age acceleration in exposure-T2D associations using mediation analyses. Overall, the mean (standard deviation) chronological age of participants was 56.3 (8.1) years, KDM age was 40.9 (13.1) years, and PhenoAge was 44.4 (10.0) years. 17,062 T2D cases developed during a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 14.3 (13.5–15.0) years. Maternal smoking around birth, being part of a multiple birth, earlier puberty, and being relatively plumper or thinner at age ten were associated with both a higher biological age and T2D risk, while having a higher birth weight and being breastfed were associated with a lower T2D risk. Biological age acceleration partly mediated the exposure-T2D associations, ranging from a proportion of 8.3% (95%CI: 6.0–13.1%) of the association between birthweight-T2D being mediated by PhenoAge to a proportion of 27.7% (95%CI: 15.3–48.5%) of the association between breastfeeding-T2D being mediated by KDM. In conclusion, early-life exposures were associated with biological age acceleration that partly mediated the exposure-T2D associations, highlighting the importance of addressing early-life risks and biological aging in prevention strategies.

Aims: We assessed the age‐specific associations between moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and incident type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: We included UK Biobank participants with valid accelerometry data without diabetes mellitus at baseline ( N = 87 975; 62.7 years [IQR, 55.6–67.9]; 57% women). We examined whether age, sex and baseline metabolic disease status modified the associations of MVPA volume (lower versus higher) and, in exploratory analyses, MVPA timing (later‐day versus earlier‐day) with incident type 2 diabetes. Age‐specific relative and absolute associations were assessed across 5‐year age bins using hazard ratios (HRs) and incidence rate differences (IRDs), and additionally stratified by sex and baseline metabolic disease status. Results: Associations of MVPA volume with type 2 diabetes were most consistently modified by age, baseline prediabetes (all p ‐values for interaction < 0.05), with stronger associations observed among participants younger than the median population age (< 62.7 years, HR = 2.44 [95% CI: 2.05–2.90] versus HR = 1.65 [95% CI: 1.47–1.86]) and participants without prediabetes. Across 5‐year age groups, HRs declined with age, whereas IRDs increased in the overall population. No clear effect modification was observed for the association between MVPA timing and type 2 diabetes risk. Conclusions: The relative association between higher MVPA volume and lower type 2 diabetes risk attenuated with age and was weaker among individuals with prediabetes, whereas absolute risk reductions were larger among older and metabolically higher‐risk individuals. These findings support considering both relative and absolute measures when targeting MVPA interventions for type 2 diabetes prevention.