Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds, also known as river tamarind, contain sulfhydryl compounds that exhibit antioxidant effects. However, these seeds also possess a toxic effect from mimosine. In this study, the river tamarind seeds were extracted using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) based UAE. Among six NADES compositions screened, choline chloride-glycerol (ChCl-Gly) and choline chloride-sucrose (ChCl-Suc) were selected to be further optimized using a Box-Behnken Design in the RSM. The optimization of total sulfhydryl content was performed in 17 runs using three variables, namely water content in NADES (39%, 41%, and 43%), extraction time (5, 10, and 15 min), and the liquid-solid ratio (3, 5, and 7 mL/g). The highest concentration of sulfhydryls was obtained from ChCl-Gly-UAE (0.89 mg/g sample) under the conditions of a water content in NADES of 41% (v/v) and a liquid-solid ratio of 3 mL/g for 15 min, followed by that of from ChCl-Suc-UAE extract under the conditions of water content in NADES of 43% (v/v) and the liquid-solid ratio of 3 mL/g for 10 min with total sulfhydryl level was 0.67 mg/g sample. The maceration method using 30% ethanol resulted in the lowest level of sulfhydryls with a value of 0.52 mg/g. The mimosine compounds obtained in the NADES-based UAE (ChCl-Suc and ChCl-Gly) extracts were 4.95 and 7.67 mg/g, respectively, while 12.56 mg/g in the 30% ethanol-maceration extract. The surface morphology of L. leucocephala seed before and after extraction was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of ChCl-Suc and ChCl-Gly in NADES-based UAE is more selective in attracting sulfhydryl compounds than that of 30% ethanol-maceration extraction.

Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi oleh pelaku Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) di Desa Bangun Rejo adalah keterbatasan akses terhadap permodalan yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya dokumen legalitas usaha, khususnya Nomor Induk Berusaha (NIB) dan Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP). Program pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk mendampingi pelaku UMKM dalam memperoleh NIB dan NPWP guna memperluas akses terhadap permodalan. Metode pelaksanaan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan door to door, yang melibatkan kunjungan langsung ke kediaman pelaku usaha untuk sosialisasi, pengumpulan data, dan pendampingan pembuatan dokumen legalitas. Hasil dari program ini menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan dalam jumlah pelaku usaha yang memiliki dokumen legalitas, yang pada gilirannya membuka peluang akses permodalan yang lebih luas. Meskipun terdapat hambatan seperti rendahnya literasi digital dan kendala teknis dalam proses pendaftaran, pendekatan yang intensif dan personal terbukti efektif dalam mencapai tujuan program.

The numerous applications of nanochitosan in a variety of sectors, including medicine, food, and agriculture, attract researchers to work toward the development of environmentally favorable, safe, and efficient synthesis methods. Currently, a biological approach is being developed to synthesize nanochitosan to address the limitations of conventional methods. The synthesis of biogenic pathways employs biological entities, including plant extracts and microorganisms, as nanoparticle-forming agents. The use of extracts is more desirable due to the simple working procedure, the absence of hazardous chemicals, the economic benefits, and the use of basic equipment. This article highlights the role of biomolecules in plant extracts, including polyphenols, terpenoids, citric acid, alkaloids, and polysaccharides, in the synthesis of nanochitosan. Nanoparticle preparation protocols and characterization using zeta potential analysis techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are briefly described. The potential applications of green nanochitosan are also discussed, considering the results of biological activity testing and the potential mechanisms associated with these activities. According to the results of numerous studies highlighted in this review, nanochitosan synthesis utilizing plant extracts appears to be a promising alternative approach to conventional methods.

The significant economic value of Mitragyna speciosa alkaloid extract has resulted in an increase in demand for the leaf extract. This industrial process produces abundant underutilized spent M. speciosa biomass (SMB). This exhausted biomass is reported to still contain phenolic compounds that can be further utilized, such as for use as a wound-healing agent. The utilization of SMB for wound-healing has not been previously documented in a scientific report. In this investigation, natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) was used to extract phenolics from SMB and then formulated into a spray gel with various concentrations of extract of 1%, 5%, and 10% (w/v). These formulas were assessed based on changes in physical and chemical characteristics, specifically organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, and drying time. Additionally, wound-healing efficacy was assessed by an excisional wound model in male Wistar rats. Results indicated that the NADES-based extract had a total phenolic content of 1.575% (w/v). All developed formulations exhibited appropriate physicochemical properties and no phase separation. The formulation containing 5% of SMB depicted more effective results among the extract-treated groups, with a 68.25% wound area closure rate on Day 14. Histologically, this concentration also significantly decreased polymorphonuclear neutrophil cells, increased epithelial thickness, and had a good fibroblast score. Thus, the spray gel with 5% SMB represents a promising advanced topical therapeutic for tissue regeneration.

In this research, 1H-NMR-based metabolomics assessed the metabolite profiles of two Nephelium species flesh, specifically Nephelium ramboutan-ake and Nephelium lappaceum. Our research findings indicate that the metabolite profile of N. ramboutan-ake is qualitatively identical, although numerically distinct from that of N. lappaceum. The PLSDA data indicate that N. ramboutan-ake possesses elevated concentrations of acetic acid, malic acid, GABA, and succinic acid compared to N. lappaceum. In N. lappaceum, alanine and glucose serve as the distinguishing metabolites. Additionally, the anticancer efficacy of two Nephelium samples was assessed. As a result, the anticancer properties of N. ramboutan-ake were superior to those of N. lappaceum. PLS analysis indicated that GABA exhibited the most positive connection with the anticancer activity of Nephelium samples. These results indicate that the higher GABA concentrations of N. ramboutan-ake have a beneficial effect on its anticancer activity.

Gamma irradiation is a widely used method for decontaminating medicinal plants, including Kleinhovia hospita (Tahongai). However, the high energy inherent in this process, coupled with the paucity of scientific reports detailing changes in the K. hospita metabolite profile, necessitates an investigation into its effects. Hence, this study examined the effects of gamma irradiation at varying doses (0–25 kGy) on the metabolite profile of the ethanolic extract of K. hospita utilizing 1H-NMR combined with a chemometric approach. The concentrations of some identified metabolites present in the sample were determined by the quantitative 1H-NMR technique. Our investigation successfully identified 20 metabolites in the K. hospita sample. Both the quantitative analysis and the PLS-DA modeling demonstrated that gamma irradiation doses up to 5 kGy induced no significant differences in the metabolite profiles (p-value > 0.05), indicating high similarity with the control group. Conversely, a significant alteration in the metabolite profile emerged only at an exposure dose of 10 kGy or higher, characterized by the loss of characteristic amino acid and cycloartane triterpenoid signals. Consequently, the 10 kGy level signifies the point at which substantial alterations to the K. hospita metabolome are initiated, thereby demanding prudence in its application.