As a new class of agricultural insecticides, synthetic pyrethroids are widely used to control insect pests. Synthetic pyrethroids have been shown to enter the aquatic environment from agricultural runoff or drift from aerial and ground-based spraying applications posing threat to fishes which are less tolerant to pesticides through direct exposure. These insecticides interfere with the sodium channel of the nervous system resulting in prolonged sodium tail current. Widespread application of these chemicals has warranted the attention of the ecologist to understand the impact of these chemicals on the aquatic environment. In this perspective, an updated account of toxicological evaluation of three type II synthetic pyrethroids, viz. deltamethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate in terms of their physico-chemical, metabolic, hematological, histological, behavioral and reproductive aspects with respect to the fishes has been presented which may be useful for policy makers, academics, environmental scientists and agricultural professionals needing ready access to this information. The aim of the present synoptic literature appraisal was to summarize the main effect of current use, type II synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate) on aquatic environment due to their persistence and accumulation. This article will focus on non-target organisms in inland fresh water environment with special reference to fin fishes and will critically evaluate the toxicity of these pyrethroids in terms of growth inhibition, metabolic disorders, neurotoxicity, reproductive failure, enzymatic dysfunction, haematological alterations, and tissue damages. The rationalized information in this milieu may be useful in ecological risk evaluation and human health management as fish serves as an important bio-indicator for aquatic systems health.

Insect based feeds (entofeeds) are emerging as a promising alternative for aquaculture nutrition, offering numerous advantages over conventional feed sources. This review assesses the nutritional composition of entofeeds, highlighting their rich protein content, essential amino acid profiles, healthy lipid compositions, as well as micronutrients. Compared to traditional feeds like fish meal, entofeeds have a great potential in reducing reliance on marine resources while minimizing environmental impacts, including land, water, and energy use. Additionally, their ability to upcycle organic waste supports the concept of circular economy. The review also explores feeding trials in various aquaculture species, demonstrating positive outcomes in growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, and immune health. Despite these advantages, entofeeds face challenges related to regulatory approvals, cost-effectiveness, and consumer acceptance. This review identifies areas for future research, including optimizing entofeeds formulations, scaling production, and enhancing their integration into sustainable aquaculture practices. Ultimately, entofeeds hold significant potential to address current sustainability challenges in aquaculture while shaping the future of animal feed.

The aquaculture industry faces growing challenges due to the increasing global demand for fish products, leading to significant environmental impacts. To meet this demand sustainably, Biofloc Technology (BFT) has emerged as a key solution. BFT utilizes inorganic nitrogen from aquaculture wastewater to improve water quality while simultaneously producing biofloc, which serves as a nutritious feed source for aquatic animals. This results in lower feed conversion ratios (FCR), higher protein efficiency ratios (PER), and improved animal growth and welfare. Feed costs, a major financial burden in aquaculture, are significantly reduced through BFT, benefiting both established and novice farmers. Additionally, BFT conserves water and reduces land usage, addressing key limitations of traditional aquaculture systems. Despite its advantages, certain challenges need to be resolved for BFT to become a fully sustainable and widespread approach, ensuring aquaculture can meet the growing global demand for fish protein without compromising the environment. This review explores the potential and future directions of BFT in strengthening the aquaculture industry.

An experiment was conducted to breed a near threatened Cyprinid Osteobrama belangeri in captivity through hormonal inducement. Carp pituitary extract (CPE) and three different GnRH based synthetic hormones viz., Ovaprim, Ovatide and Wova-FH were used as inducing agents. Experiment was conducted following a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The brooders were injected with different doses of hormones and kept in the breeding hapas at 2:1 male to female ratio. All the inducing agents induced the fishes to breed, whereas no breeding was observed in the control set. Spawning success rate varied depending on the rate of inducement and the type of inducing agent used. CPE at a dose of 9mgkg−1 of female and 3mgkg−1 of male as well as the synthetic hormones at 0.5mlkg−1 of female and 0.2mlkg−1 of male brooders were found to be effective in inducing the fishes to breed in captivity. Efficacy of the synthetic hormones was significantly higher than that of CPE (P<0.05). Dose of hormone apparently affected the percentage of fertilization, egg output, hatching rate and spawn production. Administering an over-dose of the inducing agents caused early milting resulting in poor fertilization and under-dosing might cause late inducement in males. The present breeding protocol is simple and can be taken up by small breeders. It will be helpful in aquaculture and conservation of O. belangeri