High-power laser systems have opened new frontiers in scientific research and have revolutionized various scientific fields, offering unprecedented capabilities for understanding fundamental physics and allowing unique applications. This paper details the successful commissioning of the 1 PW experimental area at the Extreme Light Infrastructure–Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) facility in Romania, using both of the available laser arms. The experimental setup featured a short focal parabolic mirror to accelerate protons through the target normal sheath acceleration mechanism. Detailed experiments were conducted using various metallic and diamond-like carbon targets to investigate the dependence of the proton acceleration on different laser parameters. Furthermore, the paper discusses the critical role of the laser temporal profile in optimizing proton acceleration, supported by hydrodynamic simulations that are correlated with experimental outcomes. The findings underscore the potential of the ELI-NP facility to advance research in laser–plasma physics and contribute significantly to high-energy physics applications. The results of this commissioning establish a strong foundation for experiments by future users.

Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in the Universe and are held responsible for the production of nonthermal particles and high-energy radiation. In the absence of particle collisions in the system, theory shows that the interaction of an expanding plasma with a pre-existing electromagnetic structure (as in our case) is able to induce energy dissipation and allow shock formation. Shock formation can alternatively take place when two plasmas interact, through microscopic instabilities inducing electromagnetic fields that are able in turn to mediate energy dissipation and shock formation. Using our platform in which we couple a rapidly expanding plasma induced by high-power lasers (JLF/Titan at LLNL and LULI2000) with high-strength magnetic fields, we have investigated the generation of a magnetized collisionless shock and the associated particle energization. We have characterized the shock as being collisionless and supercritical. We report here on measurements of the plasma density and temperature, the electromagnetic field structures, and the particle energization in the experiments, under various conditions of ambient plasma and magnetic field. We have also modeled the formation of the shocks using macroscopic hydrodynamic simulations and the associated particle acceleration using kinetic particle-in-cell simulations. As a companion paper to Yao et al. [Nat. Phys. 17, 1177–1182 (2021)], here we show additional results of the experiments and simulations, providing more information to allow their reproduction and to demonstrate the robustness of our interpretation of the proton energization mechanism as being shock surfing acceleration.

High-accuracy remote position measurements are regarded in applications where different systems or components need to be placed in precise configurations. There are some cases in which it is impossible to define an absolute, precise reference frame and the application should rely only on relative measurements. In recent years, fiducial markers began to provide an interesting alternative to standard industrial positioning systems, which are very expensive and very difficult to integrate in various applications. This paper provides a study concerning the accuracy for measuring the position of fiducial markers and experimental results obtained using an imaging setup. This paper also presents a solution for calibrating a fiducial marker cube which extends the working space up to 360 degrees.