Introduction: The facial appearance depends on several oral and extraoral factors including colour of facial skin and pigmentation of gingival epithelium. The colour of the gingiva varies among individuals and is thought to be associated with cutaneous pigmentation which ranges from light to dark brown or black colour. Objective: To assess the prevalence of physiological gingival pigmentation, gingival biotype and their association with skin colur in Nepalese subjects visiting Kantipur Dental College and Hospital (KDCH). Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study which was carried out from February 2020 to June 2020 in all patients of age-group 16 to 80 years visiting the Department of Periodontics at KDCH after ethical approval. Patients were recruited by convenience sampling and examined thoroughly to find out gingival biotype and extent of gingival pigmentation intraorally as well as skin colour extraorally. Results: In this study, 210 patients were examined among which, 105 (50%) were males and 105 (50%) were females. Out of 210, 33 (15.7%) had pink tissue without pigmentation, 84 (40%) had pigmentation only in attached gingiva, 58 (27.6%) in attached gingiva and interdental papilla, 32 (15.2%) had diffuse pigmentation involving all parts of gingiva, 2 (1%) had in marginal gingiva only, and 1 (0.5%) in marginal gingiva and interdental papilla. Conclusion: A strong association was found between gingival pigmentation and facial skin colour in present study (P <0.001). Establishing the pattern of gingival pigmentation in Nepalese population will help to choose a specific depigmentation therapy that will harmonise with skin colour.

The colour of gingiva is usually considered as “coral pink” which is determined by thickness and degree of keratinization, vascular supply, pigmentation like melanin, and various exogenous substances like tobacco, colouring agents in foods, etc. Gingival hyperpigmentation may be a pathological condition but it is usually a physiological condition that is a major esthetic problem for a patient with a high smile line. Gingival depigmentation is a periodontal plastic surgical procedure that reduces or eliminates the degree of pigmentation. Different treatment modalities for gingival depigmentation have been documented, such as scalpel, electrosurgery, diamond burs, chemical methods, cryosurgery, lasers, and micro-needling with ascorbic acid. This article reports the depigmentation procedure of hyperpigmented gingiva with electrocautery in 25 years old male patient.

Objective. Frenum attachments are folds of mucous membrane that connect the lips to the alveolar mucosa and underlying periosteum. Aberrant positioning of the maxillary and mandibular labial frenum can lead to various clinical issues, including mucogingival problems and midline diastema. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of maxillary and mandibular frenal attachments and their association with age, gender, and oral hygiene status in the Nepalese population seeking dental treatment. Materials and Methods. This descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted over a period of 6 months, from February 2023 to August 2023, among patients visiting the Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, aged 6 years and above, after obtaining official permission from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC‐KUSMS Approval No. 8/23). The study collected data on morphological variations of frenal attachment and various periodontal parameters such as Oral Hygiene Index‐Simplified (OHI‐S), pocket depth, recession, and midline diastema in both arches. Descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentage, were used to analyze the data. The χ²‐test was employed to determine the correlation between gender and types of frenulum attachment, while analysis of variance was used to assess the association of frenal attachments with oral hygiene status. Results. Among 380 patients, the prevalence of frenal attachment was as follows: gingival 248 (65.30%), mucosal 71 (18.70%), papillary 42 (11.10%), and papillary penetrating 19 (5.00%) in the maxilla, and mucosal 225 (59.20%) and gingival 155 (40.78%) in mandible. Among the different morphological variations of frenal attachments, normal frenum was the most common, accounting for 231 cases (60.80%), followed by frenum with a nodule, with 101 cases (26.60%). Conclusions. The study found significant associations between frenal attachment and gender, as well as oral hygiene status. The prevalence of frenal attachments in this study was comparable to findings from previous research.

The aim of this article is to present the case of an early implant placement with immediate loading in the mandibular anterior region as a rapid solution to edentulism. A 40‐year‐old healthy male patient reported with a chief complaint of loosening of tooth in the lower front region of the jaw. On intraoral examination, there was a mobile tooth with respect to 41. The mobile tooth was extracted, and early implant placement was done along with Bio‐Oss bone grafts to fill the jumping distance with no barrier membrane. Immediate provisionalisation was done on early‐placed dental implants. After 5 months of the healing period, the final implant‐level impressions were made, and the provisional crown was replaced with the final zirconia crown. This case report demonstrates satisfactory esthetic and functional outcomes along with various other advantages.

Purpose. The width and thickness of the attached gingiva are important clinical parameters. Considerable variations exist in the same as well as in different individuals. This study aimed to assess the width and thickness of the attached gingiva and its relationship with age, gender, and arch location in the Nepalese population. Methods. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 individuals visiting the periodontics department, who were categorized into three age groups with an equal distribution of gender in each group. The width of attached gingiva (WAG) was determined using the University of North Carolina-15 probe after locating the mucogingival junction. Data were gathered and entered in Excel sheet version 19, and SPSS version 20 was used for further analysis. The mean and standard deviations were calculated. The independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to find out the significant difference between variables. The correlation between dependent and independent variables was discovered with the help of the Pearson correlation test. The significance level was set at 5 with a 95 confidence level. Results. 120 individuals with 1440 teeth were examined to measure the WAG with an equal distribution of gender. The maximum WAG was found on the maxillary right lateral incisor and minimum width on the mandibular left first premolar. The average WAG was greater in the upper arch (3.19mm) than in the lower arch (2.71mm). The maximum thickness (1.728mm) of the attached gingiva was found on the mandibular left first molars and minimum width (0.667mm) on the mandibular left first premolars. Conclusions. As individuals age, there is a reduction in gingival thickness, accompanied by an increase in the WAG across both dental arches. In terms of gender differences, females exhibit a higher thickness of attached gingiva (TAH) than their male counterparts.

Background: Periodontal diseases, despite being preventable have an increasing prevalence worldwide. Mechanical plaque control methods are most effective to prevent and control these diseases. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding periodontal health among patients visiting department of Periodontics, Kantipur Dental College and Hospital. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted by administrating pretested questionnaire to 384 patients in Kantipur Dental College and Hospital from Sep 2020 to Aug 2021. The study was conducted for one year after taking ethical clearance. All the patients who first visited the department of Periodontics were requested to participate by convenience sampling method. Statistical analysis was done to correlate among knowledge, attitude, and practices. Results: Positive attitude and practices towards dental floss 165 (43%), tongue cleaning 273 (71.1%), replacing tooth brush 268 (69.8%), and regular dental visits 202 (52.6%) was demonstrated. There was lack of knowledge on interdental brushes 79 (20.52%), probiotics 52 (13.5%), gingival massage, and their use to improve periodontal health 17 (4.4%). Conclusion: The majority of the respondents had good oral hygiene practices with favourable knowledge and attitude with respect to periodontal health and its measure to control the disease. Various preventive programs must be conducted regularly to brush up their knowledge. Further improvements should be focused on knowledge and attitude which can increase and improve the practice of oral health.