Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with oxidative stress and redox imbalance playing pivotal roles in their initiation and progression. In this comprehensive review, we explore the molecular mechanisms by which reactive oxygen and nitrogen species disrupt vascular homeostasis, promote endothelial dysfunction, and drive adverse cardiac remodeling. We highlight key redox-sensitive pathways, including NADPH oxidase activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Emerging oxidative stress biomarkers, such as 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and myeloperoxidase, are critically examined for their diagnostic and prognostic relevance. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress, ranging from conventional antioxidants to novel mitochondrial-directed and enzyme-specific interventions. Despite advances in understanding the redox landscape of CVDs, challenges remain in translating these insights into effective clinical therapies. Future research integrating omics technologies, precision medicine, and combined lifestyle-pharmacological approaches may offer new opportunities for redox-based cardiovascular interventions.

The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a biomarker of plasma atherogenicity. Elevated AIP is linked with adverse cardiac events. We sought to examine the association of admission AIP and no-reflow phenomenon (NRP) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patient population treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Eight hundred eight-four ACS patients were included to statistical tests retrospectively and classified according to the occurrence of NRP: NRP (−) (n = 662) and NRP (+) (n = 186). AIP levels were calculated through the formula log₁₀ (triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio). AIP levels were higher in NRP (+) patients compared to NRP (−) group patients. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for AIP to predict NRP yielded an area under the ROC curve value 0.643 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.596-0.690, P < .001]. AIP was associated with NRP in univariate logistic regression analysis [Odds Ratio (OR): 2.46; P = .001; CI: 1.44 (lower limit)-4.21 (upper limit)]. However, AIP did not emerge as a significant prognostic factor of NRP in multiple logistic regression analysis [OR: 2.11; P = .422; CI: 0.34 (lower limit)-13.11 (upper limit)]. On the other hand, peak troponin T (log10) was an independent prognostic factor for NRP [OR: 0.13; P < .001; CI: 0.10 (lower limit)-0.37 (upper limit)] occurrence. The AIP level on admission is not a statistically significant prognostic factor of NRP. However, peak troponin T (log10) is an independent prognostic parameter of NRP.

Background/Aim: Blood pressure disorder can accompany mood and various psychosomatic disorders. One of the signs of emotional disorganization is alexithymia, which is defined as the impaired ability to experience and express emotions. The relationship of hypertension (HT) with alexithymia is well known, but few studies show the change in alexithymia status after blood pressure regulation. Our study aimed to evaluate the level of alexithymia caused by optimal medical treatment in newly diagnosed essential HT patients. Methods: Fifty-six essential HT patients (33 males, 23 females) diagnosed with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were included in this cross-sectional study. All participants filled the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) during diagnosis and when blood pressure was regulated with treatment. Results: The mean age of the study group was 50.7 (9.9) years. There were twenty-three (41.1%) females. As expected, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were significantly lower after treatment (144.41 (9.11) / 89.42 (9.31) mmHg vs. 122.75 (7.27) /74.96 (3.18) mmHg, P<0.001 for both). While TAS-DIF (difficulty identifying feelings) and TAS-EOT (externally oriented thinking) did not significantly change after treatment, a significant decrease was observed in TAS-DDF (difficulty describing feelings) (14.29 (3.51) vs 12.57 (3.06), P<0.01). Total TAS score, TAS-20, was also significantly decreased after treatment (55.67 (8.82) vs 52.35 (7.71), P=0.036). Conclusion: Our findings show that TAS-DDF, one of the subscales of alexithymia, can be improved by regulating blood pressure. We think that psychiatric and emotional states should be evaluated in the follow-up of HT. It is also essential to increase the awareness of patients about coping with stress and stress management.

Objective: The change in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), which are markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, were investigated in type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients who were initiated with empagliflozin. Methodology: Thirty-seven patients with type 2 DM were included in this study. Empagliflozin was added to all patients within the indication, and EAT, CIMT measurements were performed. After an average of 6 months of treatment, it was compared by taking re-measurements. Results: The mean age of the study group was 56.95 ± 11.61 years. 56.8% (n = 21) of the participants were women. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.6 ± 3.3 years. Significant reductions were found in weight, waist circumference, body mass index, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure at the initiation of treatment and post-treatment evaluation (p Conclusions: Treatment with empagliflozin may improve systemic metabolic parameters, decrease EAT volume, and CIMT in patients with type 2 DM. This could contribute to a reduced risk of cardiovascular events. Amaç: Empagliflozin başlanan tip 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) hastalarında subklinik ateroskleroz belirteçleri olan epikardiyal yağ dokusu (EYD) ve karotis intima-media kalınlığındaki (KİMK) değişiklik araştırıldı. Metodoloji: Bu çalışmaya tip 2 DM'li 37 hasta dahil edildi. Endikasyon dahilindeki tüm hastalara empagliflozin eklendi ve EYD, KİMK ölçümleri yapıldı. Ortalama 6 aylık tedaviden sonra tekrar ölçümler alınarak karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Çalışma grubunun yaş ortalaması 56.95 ± 11.61 yıl idi. Katılımcıların %56,8'i (n=21) kadındı. Ortalama diyabet süresi 8.6 ± 3.3 yıldı. Tedavi başlangıcında ve tedavi sonrası değerlendirmede ağırlık, bel çevresi, vücut kitle indeksi, sistolik ve diyastolik kan basıncında önemli azalmalar bulundu (her biri için p Sonuçlar: Empagliflozin ile tedavi, tip 2 DM'li hastalarda sistemik metabolik parametreleri iyileştirebilir, EYD hacmini ve KİMK'yi azaltabilir. Bu, kardiyovasküler olay riskinin azalmasına katkıda bulunabilir.