The transportation sector contributes significantly to global warming, as well as to urban fabric problems such as traffic congestion, traffic accidents, noise pollution, and air pollution. A shift from fossil fuels to renewable sources and from motorized to non-motorized modes is now considered essential to create sustainable communities. Walking is a sustainable transport mode and several studies have focused on factors affecting it, including travel behavior and sociodemographics. In this study, we conduct a systematic literature review to identify and record walking benefits, the financial incentives that encourage travelers to walk, and applications that support it. Financial incentives are found to have short-term effects, and their success depends on the level and structure of the incentives as well as the characteristics of the participants. In addition, non-financial incentives, such as improving infrastructure and pedestrian safety, or providing information and education about the benefits of walking, may also promote it as a main mode of transport.

Urban micromobility systems are increasingly deployed to support sustainable transportation goals; however, their overall sustainability performance remains inconsistently assessed across environmental, social, economic, and operational dimensions. This study proposes a conceptual framework for evaluating the sustainability of urban micromobility systems, with a particular focus on e-scooters. It clarifies and restructures fragmented indicators into distinct, non-overlapping sustainability dimensions. The framework is structured around five impact areas: Environment, Economy, Users, Transport Performance, and Safety, complemented by two enabling components, namely the legal framework and business model, which are conceptualized as preconditions for system feasibility rather than performance dimensions. Building on existing sustainability assessment literature, the framework consolidates established indicators while introducing micromobility-adapted and context-specific indicators, such as service availability and operational characteristics, to better capture the distinctive features of shared micromobility systems. The resulting framework provides a structured and flexible tool for researchers, planners, and policymakers, emphasizing that micromobility sustainability depends not only on measured impacts, but also on governance, operational design, and local implementation conditions.